KULIAH FAAL BLOK 8

P H Y S IO LO G Y O F C N S
O rganisasisistem saraf
Sistem saraf pusat (SSP)
Otak
Korda spinalis
Sistem saraf tepi (SST)
Divisi aferen : membawa informasi ke SSP
Divisi eferen
Sistem saraf somatik : neuron motorik
Sistem saraf otonom :
Sistem saraf simpatis
Sistem saraf parasimpatis
Higher functions of nervous
system
 BRAIN
Major Parts :
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain stem
C erebrum (C erebral H em ispheres)

Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral White Matter
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Cerebralcortex
Gray matter over
white matter
2-4 mm thick contains
billions of cells
Folds (gyri) &
grooves (sulci or
fissures)
Longitudinal fissure:
separates L & R
Cerebral Hemispheres
 Corpus
callosum band
of white matter
connects L & R
cerebral hemis
Each hemisphere subdivided
into 4 lobes:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Functional organization of the
cerebralcortex
Sensory area
Motor area
Association area
Sensory area

Primary somatosensory area (areas

1,2, and 3)
Primary visual area (area 17)
Primary auditory area (areas 41 and
42)
Primary gustatory area (area 43)
Primary olfactory area (area 28) :
medial, not visible
Prim ary som atosensory area (areas 1,2,
and 3)

Posterior to central sulcus

Receive impulses for touch, pressure,
vibration, itch, tickle, temperature,
pain & proprioception
A map of entire body
(homonculus)
depends on number of receptors
present
Sensory hom onculus
M otor area
Primary motor area (area 4)
Brocas speech area (areas 44 and 45)
Prim ary m otor area (area 4)

Located in the precentral gyrus of

frontal lobe
Control voluntary contractions of
specific muscles or group of muscles
More cortical area to muscles
involved in skills, complex, or
delicate movement
M otor hom onculus
Brocas speech area (areas 44 and 45)

Frontal lobe close to the lateral

cerebral sulcus
Most people : in left hemisphere
Neural circuit : Brocas area,
premotor area, primary motor area
(larynx, pharynx, mouth, and
breathing muscles)
CVA or stroke : motor aphasia
(nonfluent aphasia)
Association Areas
Somatosensory association area
(areas 5 & 7)
Posterior to and receive input from
Primary somatosensory area
Determine exact shape and texture of an
object by feeling it
Storage of memories of past somatic
sensory experiences
Visual association area (areas 18 and
19)
Occipital lobe
Receive impulse from primary visual area
and thalamus
Relates present and past visual
experience
 Facial recognition area (area 20,21, & 37)
Inferior temporal lobe
Receive impulse from visual association area
Stores information about faces, recognize
people by their face
Auditory association area (area 22)
Inferior and posterior to the primary auditory
area
To recognize particular sound as speech,
music, or noise
 Orbitofrontal cortex (area 11)
Lateral part of frontal lobe
Receive impulse from primary olfactory area
To identify odors and discriminate different odors
Wernickes area (posterior language area,
area 22, and possibly 39 & 40)
Broad region in left temporal and parietal lobes
Interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing
spoken words
Corresponding Right hemisphere : adding
emotional content
CVA/stroke : fluent aphasia
 Common integrative area (area 5,7, 39 and 40)
Integrates sensory interpretation from association
area and impulse from other areas
Transmit signal for appropriate response
Prefrontal cortex (frontal association area, area
9,10,11, and 12)
Extensive area in anterior portion of frontal lobe
Has numerous connection with other area of brain
Concerned with personality, intelect, complex
learning abilities, judgment, reasoning, mood,
intuition, planning for future, development abstract
ideas
 Premotor area (area 6)
Anterior to the primary motor area
Learned motor activity of complex
nature
Memory bank for movement
Frontal eye field area ( area 8)
Frontal cortex
Controls voluntary scanning movements
of the eyes
H em ispheric Lateralization

Asymmetry, Cerebral dominance

Handedness hemispheric specialization (?)
96% right-handed left hemisphere dominant
70% left-handed left hemisphere dominant
15% left-handed right hemisphere dominant

Dyslexia (impaired ability to learn to read) :

12 times more in left-handers
Many artists, musicians, mathematicians
left-handers
H em ispheric Lateralization

Functional
specializatio
n of
each
hemisphere
Physiology of Language

The Wernicke-Geschwind Model of Language Processing

 Physiology of Language
Fasciculus arcuatus/ arcuate fasciculus
Wernickes Area (area 22) Brocas Area
(area 44)
Comprehension of auditory/ Processes the
info into
visual info detailed &
coordinated
pattern
for vocalization
Path taken by impulses when a subject names a visual object
 C erebral W hite M atter
Association tracts
conduct nerve impulses between gyri in same
hemisphere
Commissural tracts
conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral
hemisphere to corresponding gyri in other cerebral
hemisphere (corpus callosum , anterior
commissure, and posterior commissure)
Projection tracts
conduct nerve impulses from cerebrum to lower
parts of CNS (thalamus, brain stem, or spinal cord)
or
from lower parts of CNS to cerebrum
GANGLIA BASALIS

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GANGLIA BASALIS
 help initiate and terminate
movements
Suppress unwanted movements and
regulate muscle tone
Influence many aspects of cortical
function, including sensory, limbic,
cognitive, and linguistic functions
Disorders : Parkinson disease
Lim bic System
Sistem limbik: jaringan otak di sekitar hilus
hemispherium cerebri (hippocampus, amygdala,
dentate gyrus, cingulate gyrus, lobus limbik, thalamus,
mamillary body, olfactory bulb, septal nuclei)
Korteks limbik bagian tertua cortex, dari allocortex
& juxtallo cortex
emotional brain (primary role in a range of emotions)
pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger, olfaction
(smell) and memory
hippocampus, together with other parts of cerebrum,
functions in memory
D IEN CEPH ALO N

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Thalam us

Relay station for most sensory impulses

Transmitting information from cerebellum
and basal ganglia to primary motor area
Relays nerve impulses between different
areas of cerebrum
Maintenance of consciousness
7 major groups of nuclei, function for
emotions, memory, learning, integrate
sensory & motor information, etc
H ypothalam us

One of major regulators of homeostasis

Control of the ANS
Production of hormones
Regulation of emotional and behavioral
patterns
Regulation of eating and drinking
Control of body temperature
Regulation of circadian rhythms and
states of consciousness.
Epithalam us

Small region superior and

posterior to thalamus
pineal gland
secretes melatonin
habenular nuclei
involved in olfaction, especially
emotional responses to odors
Terima kasih.....

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