Addressing the Network

IPv4

Network Fundamentals Chapter 6

1
Objectives
Explain the structure IP addressing and demonstrate the ability
to convert between 8-bit binary and decimal numbers.
Given an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how it is
used in the network
Explain how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and
within networks by administrators
Determine the network portion of the host address and explain
the role of the subnet mask in dividing networks.
Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculate
the appropriate addressing components.
Use common testing utilities to verify and test network
connectivity and operational status of the IP protocol stack on a
host.

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IP Addressing Structure
Describe the dotted decimal structure of a binary IP
address and label its parts

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3 Levels of Addressing

Domain Name

DNS

IP Address

ARP

MAC Address

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IP Addressing Structure
Describe the general role of 8-bit binary in network
addressing and convert 8-bit binary to decimal

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IP Addressing Structure
Practice converting 8-bit binary to decimal

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IP Addressing Structure
Convert decimal to 8-bit binary

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IP Addressing Structure
Practice converting decimal to 8-bit binary

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Name the three types of addresses in the network and
describe the purpose of each type

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Determine the network, broadcast and host addresses
for a given address and prefix combination

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Name the three types of communication in the Network
Layer and describe the characteristics of each type

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Identify the address ranges reserved for these special
purposes in the IPv4 protocol

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Define public address and private address

NAT

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Class Address Range
A 10.0.0.0/8, 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0/12, 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0/16, 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

Cant send packets out onto public Internet with private

address
Must get a valid, registered IP address
NAT Network Address Translation
Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, Port Address Translation
(PAT, Overloading)

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Describe the purpose of several special addresses

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Classify and Define IPv4 Addresses
Identify the historic method for assigning addresses
and the issues associated with the method

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Assigning Addresses
Explain the importance of using a structured process to
assign IP addresses to hosts and the implications for
choosing private vs. public addresses

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Assigning Addresses
Explain how end user devices can obtain addresses
either statically through an administrator or dynamically
through DHCP

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Assigning Addresses
Explain which types of addresses should be assigned
to devices other than end user devices

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Assigning Addresses
Describe the process for requesting IPv4 public
addresses, the role ISPs play in the process, and the
role of the regional agencies that manage IP address
registries

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Assigning Addresses

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Assigning Addresses
Identify different types of ISPs and their roles in
providing Internet connectivity

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Assigning Addresses
Identify several changes made to the IP protocol in IPv6
and describe the motivation for migrating from IPv4 to
IPv6.

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Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
Describe how the subnet mask is used to create and
specify the network and host portions of an IP address

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Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
Use the subnet mask and ANDing process to extract
the network address from the IP address.

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Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
Use ANDing logic to determine an outcome.

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Determine the network portion of the host
address and the role of the subnet mask
Observe the steps in the ANDing of an IPv4 host
address and subnet mask

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Calculating Addresses
Use the subnet mask to divide a network into smaller
networks and describe the implications of dividing
networks for network planners

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Calculating Addresses
Extract network addresses from host addresses using
the subnet mask

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Calculating Addresses
Calculate the number of hosts in a network range given
an address and subnet mask

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Calculating Addresses
Given a subnet address and subnet mask, calculate the
network address, host addresses and broadcast
address

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Calculating Addresses
Given a pool of addresses and masks, assign a host
parameter with address, mask and gateway

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Calculating Addresses
Given a diagram of a multi-layered network, address
range, number of hosts in each network and the ranges
for each network, create a network scheme that
assigns addressing ranges to each network

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CIDR Classless InterDomain Routing
Classful system very inefficient
Limited to blocks of addresses with masks of /8, /16,
or /32
Lots of wasted addresses
CIDR allows for variable sized blocks other than
traditional Class A, B, or C
For example, /21 would contain 211-2 = 2046 host ids
IT Tralee block is 193.1.176.0/21

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CIDR Blocks

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CIDR Route Aggregation
IT Tralee block is 193.1.176.0/21
To calculate broadcast address, set host ids to 1, i.e.
last 11 bits 193.1.10110111.11111111 193.1.183.255
Network address 193.1.176.0
Valid addresses 193.1.176.1 193.1.183.254
If you do a RIPE lookup, you get the results on the next
slide

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CIDR Route Aggregation

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CIDR Route Aggregation

You will see the route: 193.1.0.0/16, maintained by

HEAnet
This block goes from 193.1.0.0 193.1.255.255
IT Tralee block is a subset of this block
UCD block is 193.1.160.0 - 193.1.175.255 or
193.1.160.0/20
Again, this is a portion of the HEAnet block

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CIDR Route Aggregation

ITT INEX
HEAnet
UCD On INEX router, 1 route entry
193.1.0.0/16, pointing to HEAnet
router, will suffice to reach any
HEAnet member Route
Aggregation

INEX router only needs 1 entry, 193.1.0.0/16, to reach

all the HEAnet members

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Testing the Network Layer
Describe the general purpose of the ping command,
trace the steps of its operation in a network, and use
the ping command to determine if the IP protocol is
operational on a local host

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Testing the Network Layer
Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate
with a gateway across a local area network

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Testing the Network Layer
Use ping to verify that a local host can communicate via
a gateway to a device in remote network

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Testing the Network Layer
Use tracert/traceroute to observe the path between two
devices as they communicate and trace the steps of
tracert/traceroute's operation

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Testing the Network Layer
Describe the role of ICMP in the TCP/IP suite and its
impact on the IP protocol

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Summary

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