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Woodrow Wilson was elected president in 1912 and faced challenges as World War 1 began in Europe in 1914. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and the Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted. Over 2.8 million American men were drafted and the U.S. aided the war through agencies like the War Industries Board and Food Administration. After the war, the Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations on Germany causing unrest, while the Red Scare stoked fears of communism in America.
Woodrow Wilson was elected president in 1912 and faced challenges as World War 1 began in Europe in 1914. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and the Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted. Over 2.8 million American men were drafted and the U.S. aided the war through agencies like the War Industries Board and Food Administration. After the war, the Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations on Germany causing unrest, while the Red Scare stoked fears of communism in America.
Woodrow Wilson was elected president in 1912 and faced challenges as World War 1 began in Europe in 1914. The U.S. initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American ships and the Zimmerman Telegram was intercepted. Over 2.8 million American men were drafted and the U.S. aided the war through agencies like the War Industries Board and Food Administration. After the war, the Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations on Germany causing unrest, while the Red Scare stoked fears of communism in America.
largely unpopular during his four years in office, 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, was the next president elected in 1912, and would be faced with a number of challenges during his presidency World War 1 had started in Europe in 1914, but America remained out of the conflict, following a policy of isolationism, a policy of not promising to help other countries if they go to war In fact, the United States hoped to trade with the Allies and the Central Powers, both of the sides involved in the war Reasons Why the United States Entered the War 1. Germans began to practice unrestricted submarine warfare, meaning that U-boats would sink any ship in the war zone around Great Britain without warning 2. In 1915, a German U-boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, 128 Americans on board were killed 3. The United States was further provoked by an intercepted message from Germany to Mexico, called the Zimmerman Note, or the Zimmerman telegram, which said that if the United States entered the war and Mexico fought against them, Germany would restore the SW U.S. and Texas to Mexico when the U.S. was defeated In 1917, Woodrow Wilson stood before Congress and asked for a declaration of war against Germany U.S. Enters the War In 1917, the Selective Service Act was passed This act required that all men between the ages of 21 and 30 register for the draft (system for selecting men for military service), the age range was later adjusted to 18 to 45 2.8 million men were drafted, and another 2 million men and women volunteered; the women were used in non-combat roles African-American men did serve in the war, but did so in segregated units Supplying the War While the war was being fought overseas, the rest of the country was busy aiding the war effort Most industries were placed under the direction of government agencies War Industries Board- a government agency used to organize manufacturing in the U.S. during WWI To have more food for the war effort, the U.S. Food Administration, a government agency that regulated the production and distribution of food, encouraged voluntary conservation of food resources The Food Administration encouraged Americans to eat less and grow their own vegetables in victory gardens To pay for the war, the government sold liberty bonds, loans from the people to the government Propaganda The Committee on Public Information (CPI) influenced public opinion to support the war effort through news releases, posters, pictures, pamphlets, and motion pictures Propaganda- information used to influence public opinion George Creel was the head of this agency The CPI was only used during WWI, but the concept of propaganda lives on First Amendment Issues Wilson during WWI passed a few acts that were similar to those of John Adams (during a time of conflict with France) The Espionage Act of 1917 placed heavy penalties on spying, sabotage, or obstructing the draft The Sedition Act of 1918 addressed any opposition to the war, including writing or speaking against the government or hindering production for the war Schenck v. U.S. (1919)- Supreme Court case involving a man named Charles Schenck who had been arrested for passing out flyers protesting the draft (convicted under the Espionage Act) The Supreme Court ruled that the government could infringe on free speech in times of war if the speech presented a clear and present danger Great Migration Although the South denied the rights of African Americans when possible, they found new opportunities during the war Job opportunities and higher wages caused many Af. Am. to leave the farms in the South for factory jobs in the North and Midwest This mass movement of Af Am continued even after the war and became known as the Great Migration By 1950 more than a million Af Am had left the South to find a better place in the North or Midwest End of the War With American help, the Allies successfully defeated the Central Powers Treaty of Versailles- ended World War 1 Fourteen Points- President Wilsons suggestions for world peace One of his 14 points was the creation of a League of Nations, an organization designed to promote world peace Ironically, the United States did not join the League of Nations (Wilsons idea), as the majority of the American government did not want to join a peacekeeping group that required the United States to help other nations even if that meant war Howard Zinn (#1) questions 1. How did Congress limit immigration during the 1920s? (Cite a few specific statistics) 2. What ideas did Marcus Garvey promote? 3. What were some positives of the Roaring 20s? (Cite specific examples) 4. What was an example of the unhappiness of the era? 5. How did Congressman La Guardia respond to the Secretary of Agriculture? 6. What did La Guardia see in New York that a photojournalist had exposed with his 1890 book? Who was this photojournalist? What was his book? Effects of the War As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany had to pay back the Allies for the cost of war Reparations are payments for war expenses and damages These reparations angered Germans and would indirectly lead to WW2 Back in America, thousands of American soldiers returned to the U.S. to find competition for jobs (competition with women, African Americans, and immigrants who had taken their places during the war) This competition, combined with inflation and a fear of communism, led to social unrest immediately after the war Red Scare After the Communist Party took control of Russia in 1918, communism became very popular among the poor and needy of Europe In the communist system, workers own the factorieseveryone has a job regardless of job performance, and everyone gets paid what they need to livethere is no incentive for work excellence Many Americans suspected a link between labor unrest and political radicals, thinking that communists might try to take over the United States Communists were called red because their flag was red The Red Scare was the fear that a communist revolution would come to America (this fear was repeated again after WW2) Roaring 20s The decade after World War 1 has been called the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age This time period was marked by a desire for personal pleasure and entertainment, as well as a continuation of nativism (anti-immigrant feelings) America again returned to the policy of isolationism- the policy of avoiding foreign entanglements Henry Fords Assembly Line & Other Advancements Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he did have a huge impact on the industry By the 1920s, he had perfected the idea of the assembly line, where workers put one part on an unfinished car as it moved past their work station Ford also used the idea of mass production, making large quantities of the same product (his Model T began to be mass produced) The automobile revolutionized America Electric appliances also revolutionized America (electric stoves, vacuum cleaners, washing machines) Charles Lindbergh In 1927, interest in airplanes really took flight A young pilot named Charles Lindbergh flew his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis, across the Atlantic to Paris His flight captured the imagination of the world, and he became a celebrity 20s get wild Flappers were young women of the 1920s who rebelled against the customs and morals of their generation Flappers smoked, drank, danced to sounds of jazz (considered wild by many), and openly talked about sexual freedom Traditionalists versus Modernists became a cultural clash Traditionalists- people who have a deep respect for established cultural and religious values Modernists- people who accept new ideas, styles, and social trends This clash also pitted rural against urban Science vs Religion Another major issue of the era was science vs religion, largely due to the new teachings of Charles Darwin about evolution Fundamentalists favored the core teachings of religion, specifically Christianity Modernists, on the other hand, tended to not accept these core teachings Through the efforts of religious leaders, the state of Tennessee passed a law making it illegal to teach evolution in public schools A young biology teacher named John Scopes in Dayton, TN, broke the law and was arrested in 1925 The Scopes Trial, also nicknamed the Monkey Trial, resulted in Scopes being found guilty and fined $100, but little else was settled Concept Map- World War 1 Great Migration War Industries Board Woodrow Wilson George Creel U.S. Food Administration liberty bonds Propaganda victory gardens Schenck v. United States (1919) Isolationism clear and present danger Treaty of Versailles Lusitania League of Nations Zimmerman Note Reparations unrestricted submarine warfare Fourteen PointsSelective Service Act Espionage Act of 1917 draft Sedition Act of 1918Central Powers Allied Powers Germany Great Britain France Writers of the 20s During the 1920s many famous authors burst onto the scene F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby, a novel that pictured the emptiness and despair of the wealthy during the Roaring 20s Ernest Hemingway- another writer of the 20s who wrote about the hopelessness of the era brought on by the First World War Jazz Age The Roaring 20s has also been called the Jazz Age because jazz music was so popular during this time Musicians like Louis Armstrong became popular Harlem Renaissance- a revival of African American culture by black artists, writers, and musicians centered in the Harlem neighborhood of NYC Langston Hughes- African American writer famous for his realistic portrayal of black culture and heritage Racism during the 20s The KKK began during the Reconstruction Era but became more powerful during the early 1900s This new Klan picked up where the old one had left off, but added foreigners, Catholics, and Jews to their list of despised people Race riots and lynching occurred during the early 1900s Marcus Garvey- Jamaican immigrant who encouraged African Americans to segregate from white society, including a return to Africa due to the racism of the time Sacco and Vanzetti- two immigrant anarchists convicted of murder, many believe they were found guilty because they were foreigners and anarchists