13.

1 Mendelian genetics
13.2 Crosses that deviate from the Mendelian inheritance
13.3 Genetic mapping
13.4 Pedigree analysis
 Lesson Objective:
13.1a Define terminologies used in genetic inheritance

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring

Important terms
Character - heritable feature (eg: flower colour)
Trait - each variant for a character (eg: purple or white colour for flower)
Gene - a segment of DNA that serves as a unit of heredity (eg: gene for flower colour)
- each gene resides at a specific locus on a specific chromosome
Allele - alternative version of a gene
- eg: a pea plant may have the purple- flower allele [P] & white-flower allele [p]

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1a Define terminologies used in genetic inheritance

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Important terms

Dominant allele - allele that can be expressed in homozygous or heterozygous conditions

Recessive allele - allele that can only be expressed in homozygous condition

Homozygous - having 2 identical alleles for a certain gene ( eg: PP ~ dominant

homozygous; pp ~ recessive homozygous )

Heterozygous - having 2 different alleles for a certain gene ( eg: Pp )

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1a Define terminologies used in genetic inheritance

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Important terms

Alleles of the
same gene

Different genes

Loci Homozygous
dominant alleles

Heterozygous
alleles
Homozygous
recessive alleles

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1a Define terminologies used in genetic inheritance

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Important terms
Genotype - the genetic constitution for a certain character of an organism

Phenotype - the physical appearance for a certain character of an organism

eg:

Genotype Phenotype

PP Purple flower

Pp Purple flower

pp White flower

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1a Define terminologies used in genetic inheritance

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Important terms

P generation - parental generation

F1 generation - first filial generation (offspring produced from a cross between individuals of
P generation)

F2 generation - second filial generation (offspring produced from a cross between F 1

individuals)

Back cross - crossing between an F1 individual with one of the parents ( or with individual
that has same genotype as the parents )

Self cross - cross involving individuals of same generation (eg: F 1 x F1)

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1a Define terminologies used in genetic inheritance

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Important terms
Test cross - crossing between an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous
recessive individual

- done to determine the unknown genotype

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1b Describe the characteristics of Mendels pea
plants

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Basic principles of heredity was discovered by
Gregor Mendel

He did experiments on genetic crosses using garden

pea plants (Pisum sativum)

Mendel chose garden pea plants because:

1. they could be grown easily in large numbers
2. they had a short life cycle
3. their pollination could be controlled
4. they had easily observable characters

Mendel studied 7 observable characters:

characters
1. flower colour (purple / white)
2. flower position (axial / terminal)
3. seed colour (yellow / green)
4. seed shape (round / wrinkled)
5. pod shape (inflated / constricted)
6. pod colour (green / yellow)
7. stem length (tall / dwarf)

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1b Describe the characteristics of Mendels pea
plants

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

The 7 characters of pea plants (Pisum sativum)

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1c Explain the Mendels experiments on
monohybrid cross

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Mendels experiment

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1c Explain the Mendels experiments on
monohybrid cross

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

In a typical breeding experiment, Mendel would start by crossing 2 true breeding
individuals as P 1
[eg of true breeding plant: a plant with purple flowers that produces offspring which
all have purple flowers through self-pollination]

Mendel then tracked the heritable characters for 3 generations

Mendel did 2 types of crosses:

1. monohybrid cross
2. dihybrid cross

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1d Explain monohybrid cross

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

MONOHYBRID CROSS

A genetic cross that takes into account the behaviour of alleles of a single gene at
a single locus
The cross tracks the inheritance of only a single character

Eg for Mendels experiment:

- Plant with purple flowers were crossed with plant with white flowers

- F1 plants all had purple flowers

- when F1 plants were self-crossed, F2 showed that 705 plants had purple
flowers and 224 had white flowers (with phenotypic ratio 3:1)

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1d Explain monohybrid cross

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

MONOHYBRID CROSS

Mendels monohybrid cross

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1e State Mendels first law / Law of segregation

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

MONOHYBRID CROSS

Based from the monohybrid cross, Mendel proposed the law of segregation:
segregation
the two alleles for a heritable character separate during gamete formation and end up in
different gametes

This corresponds to the distribution of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in

meiosis

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1f Calculate the genotypic ratio (1:2:1) and
phenotypic ratio (3:1) in F2 generations

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

MONOHYBRID CROSS
P : Purple flower x White flower
PP pp

G : all P all p
F1: Purple flower x Purple flower
Pp Pp
G: P p P p

F2 : PP Pp Pp pp
Purple flower White flower
3 : 1
CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE
 Lesson Objective:
13.1f Calculate the genotypic ratio (1:2:1) and
phenotypic ratio (3:1) in F2 generations

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

MONOHYBRID CROSS
Phenotypic ratio of F2 (when heterozygous F1 plants were self-crossed) is 3:1
while genotypic ratio is 1:2:1

Can also be determined using a Punnet square:

square

F2

gametes P p

P PP Pp

p Pp pp

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1 Other example

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE in Drosophila

Character : wing size

Trait : normal wings
vestigial wings
Alleles for normal wings (V) : dominant
vestigial wings (v) : recessive
True breeding parent with normal wings (VV) is crossed with parent with vestigial wings
(vv)
MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE in humans

Character : albino
Trait : normal or albino
Allele for albino is recessive
Genotype for albino individual : aa
Genotype for normal individual : AA or Aa

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1f Calculate phenotypic ratio of test cross 1:1
eg. Pisum and Drosophila

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Test cross for monohybrids

Genotype for a tall pea plant may be TT or Tt

Test cross is used to determine the unknown genotype

If test cross is done on an individual which is heterozygous for one character (eg: Tt),
phenotypic ratio for the offspring will be 1:1

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1g Explain the Mendels experiments on dihybrid
cross

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Mendels experiment:
- Plant with yellow-round seeds (YYRR) were crossed with plant with green-
wrinkled seeds (yyrr)

- F1 plants all had yellow-round seeds (YyRr)

- when F1 plants were self-crossed, F2 showed that 315 had yellow-round seeds
108 had green- round seeds 101 had yellow-wrinkled seeds 32 had
green-wrinkled seeds

- phenotypic ratio for F2 was 9:3:3:1

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1h Explain dihybrid cross

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

DIHYBRID CROSS

A genetic cross that takes into account the behaviour of alleles of genes at 2 different loci

The cross tracks the inheritance of 2 characters

P : yellow-round seed x green-wrinkled seed

YYRR yyrr

G : all YR all yr

F1: yellow-round seed x yellow-round seed

YyRr YyRr

G: YR Yr yR yr YR Yr yR yr
CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE
 Lesson Objective:
13.1j Calculate genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio
(9:3:3:1) up to the F2 generation using Punnet square

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

DIHYBRID CROSS
F2 :
gametes YR Yr yR yr

YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr

Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr

yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr

yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr

Y_R_ 9/16 ; Y_rr 3/16 ; yyR_ 3/16 ; yyrr 1/16
:. Phenotypic ratio for F2 is 9:3:3:1

Genotypic ratio is 1 YYRR 2 YYRr 2 YyRR 1 YYrr 4 YyRr 1 yyRR 2 Yyrr

2 yyRr 1 yyrr

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1j Calculate genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio
(9:3:3:1) up to the F2 generation using Punnet square

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

DIHYBRID CROSS

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1i State Mendels second law / Law of independent
assortment

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Based from the dihybrid cross, Mendel proposed the law of independent assortment :
each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete
formation

Genes are packaged into gametes in all possible allelic combinations, as long as each
gamete has 1 allele for each gene

This occurs as 2 pairs of homologous chromosomes can be arranged in 2 different ways

at metaphase I

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1i State Mendels second law / Law of independent
assortment

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1i State Mendels second law / Law of independent
assortment

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE

 Lesson Objective:
13.1j Calculate phenotypic ratio of test cross 1:1:1:1
eg. Pisum and Drosophila

13.1 MENDELIAN GENETICS

Test cross for dihybrids

Genotype for a tall pea plant with purple flowers may be TTPP or TTPp or TtPP or TtPp

Test cross is used to determine this

If test cross is done on an individual which is heterozygous for both characters (eg: TtPp),
phenotypic ratio for the offspring will be 1:1:1:1

CHAPTER 13 : GENETIC INHERITANCE