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dp
Recall Eulers equation: VdV gdz 0
Also recall that viscous forces were neglected, i.e. flow is invisicd
If one integrates Eulers eqn. along a streamline, between two points , &
2 dp 2 2
We get :
1
VdV gdz 0
1 1
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
gz1 gz 2 Constant
2 2
Due to the fluid pressure, the fluid element moves a distance x within
time t. Hence, the work done per unit time W/t (flow power) is:
W pAx p x p
A AV ,
t t t
p 1 W Flow work or Power
AV t
Flow work per unit mass
1/mass flow rate
p
pv Flow work is often also referred to as flow energy
Bernoullis Equation (Cont)
Very Important: Bernoullis equation is only valid for :
incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline, no energy loss due
to friction, no heat transfer.
2
p1 V1 p2 V22
z1 z 2 , where g (energy per unit weight)
2g 2g
Application of Bernoullis equation - Example 1:
Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux from the circular
hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the water tank (at this instant). The
tank is open to the atmosphere and H=4 m
p1 = p2, V1=0
1
V2 2 g ( z1 z 2 ) 2 gH
H
2 * 9.8 * 4 8.85 (m / s )
m AV 1000 * (0.1) 2 (8.85)
4
2 69.5 (kg / s )
Bernoullis Eqn/Energy Conservation (cont.)
Example 2: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, estimate the time
required to drain the tank to level 2.
1 First, choose the control volume as enclosed
by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water
h(t) level as a function of time.
2
4
4
3
water height (m)
h( t ) 2
1 0
2 h - 0.0443t
2.5e-007 4
0
0
0
20 40
t
60 80 100
100
t 90.3 sec
time (sec.)
Energy exchange (conservation) in a thermal system
Energy added, hA
(ex. pump, compressor)
2
p1 V1
2 p2 V2
z1 z2
2g 2g
pump turbine
[ p ( p dp)](R 2 ) w (2R)dx,
w Pressure force balances frictional force
p P+dp 2 w
dp dx, integrate from 1 to 2
R
F I F IF I
4 4w w L L L LV 2 V
2
HK HKG H JK
p p1 p2
Darcys Equation: hhLL f f
gg D D D D2 g 2 g
F IF I
f f VV 2 where f is defined as frictional factor characterizing
2
w
w
HK G
H JK
44 22 pressure loss due to pipe wall shear stress
When the pipe flow is laminar, it can be shown (not here) that
64 VD
f , by recognizing that Re , as Reynolds number
VD
64
Therefore, f , frictional factor is a function of the Reynolds number
Re
Similarly, for a turbulent flow, f = function of Reynolds number also
f F(Re). Another parameter that influences the friction is the surface
roughness as relativeto the pipe diameter .
D
F
Such that ff FF Re,
I
H DDK
Re, : Pipe frictional factor is a function of pipe Reynolds
The head losses and pressure drops can be characterized by using the loss coefficient,
KL, which is defined as hL p
K 1 V 2
, so that p K V
1 2
L 2
V / 2g
L 2
2
One of the example of minor losses is the entrance flow loss. A typical flow pattern
for flow entering a sharp-edged entrance is shown in the following page. A vena
contracta region is formed at the inlet because the fluid can not turn a sharp corner.
Flow separation and associated viscous effects will tend to decrease the flow energy;
the phenomenon is fairly complicated. To simplify the analysis, a head loss and the
associated loss coefficient are used in the extended Bernoullis equation to take into
consideration this effect as described in the next page.
V1
Minor Loss through flow entrance
V2 V3
V 2
p gz
2
(1/2)V22 (1/2)V32
KL(1/2)V32
pp
2
p1 V1 p3 V32 V32
Extended Bernoulli's Equation : z1 hL z3 , hL K L
2g 2g 2g
2
p1 p3 p , V1 0, V3 1 ( 2 g ( z1 z3 ) gh
1 KL 1 KL
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Let us now also account for energy transfer via Heat Transfer, e.g.
in a heat exchanger
The most general form of conservation of energy for a system can be
written as: dE = dQ-dW where (Ch. 3, YAC)
Convention: dQ > 0 net heat transfer into the system (Symbols Q,q..)
dW > 0, positive work done by the system
p V2 p V2
Flow energy in m in (u gz )in , Energy out = m out (u gz )out
2 2
The difference between energy in and out is due to heat transfer (into or out)
and work done (by or on) the system.
Energy Conservation (cont.)
Hence, a system exchanges energy with the environment due to:
1) Flow in/out 2) Heat Transfer, Q and 3) Work, W
This energy exchange is governed by the First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy ?