Oscillations and Waves

Physics Selected Topics

MES. Sandra1803 435
VA LERIA B ELM ARES G UTIERREZ
EVELYN AL EJAND RA MA RTINEZ C H AVEZ 1 806988
MIKEL RIVERA BAND A 18108 40
ROB ERTO G ARC IA RO D RIGUEZ 1799 758
ED GAR SANC HEZ MO RO N 1 800165
GAB RIEL EM ILIO LO PEZ O JED A 17 94870
Body-Spring System

When a spring is stretched or

compressed by a mass, the spring
develops a restoring force. Hooke's
law gives the relationship of the force
exerted by the spring when the spring
is compressed or stretched a certain
length:

F =kx

where F is the force, k is the spring

constant, and x is the displacement of
the mass with respect to the
equilibrium position.
The magnitude of the maximum
or minimum displacement of the
spring starting from the
equilibrium point is called
amplitude(A).

The time for the system to

complete a cycle is called
period(T). The number of cycles per
T = 2 (m / k)1/2 second of the system is
called frequency(f).

f=1/T
Problem: A 4 kg mass attached to a spring is observed to
oscillate with a period of 2 seconds. What is the period of
oscillation if a 6 kg mass is attached to the spring?

k = (2 )2 m / T2
k = (2)2 4kg / (2s)2 = 42 N/m

T = 2 ( 6kg / (42 N/m) )1/2 = 2.45 seconds

Problem: One end of a spring is attached to a wall and at the other end
of the spring it has an object of 8kg. Then the spring is pulled 5m away
from the equilibrium point, exerting a force of 10N. Calculate:
a. The elastic constant of the spring.
F = kx k = F/x k = 10N / (5m) = 2N/m
b. The period of the system.
T = 2 ( 8kg / (2N/m) )1/2 = 4 seconds = 12.566370614
c. The frequency of the system.
f = 1/(4s) Hz = 0.079577472 Hz
In terms of energy, this system have two types of
energy, potential energy and kinetic energy.
When a spring is stretched or compressed, it
stores elastic potential energy, which then is
transferred into kinetic energy. The potential
energy within a spring is determined by:
U = k x2
By conservation of energy, when the spring
reaches its maximum potential energy, the kinetic
energy of the mass is zero. When the spring is
released, it tries to return to equilibrium, and all its
potential energy converts to kinetic energy of the
mass. The total mechaninal energy (E) of the
system is:
E k = k x2 + m v 2
 T HE POTENTI AL ENERGY ASS OCIAT ED WITH AN OB JECT ATTACHED
T O THE END O F A SPRING TO IS DU E TO THE MOT ION W HEN IT
ST RETCHES OR CO MPRESSES WO RK AND W ORK IS DONE O N THE
O BJECT.
T O CALC UL ATE THE POT ENT IAL ENERGY OF T HE CO MPR ES SED
SPRI NG WE ONLY NEED TO CALC UL ATE T HE WO RK NEC ESS ARY T O
C OMPRESS TH E PSRING, O R THE W ORK DONE WH EN I T I S
RELEASED.
I N BOTH CASES, TH E WORK DONE W ILL B E:

W= Fx

W HERE F IS THE REST ORING F ORCE ( F = -KX ), X IS T HE

DISPLAC EMENT WHEN I T
S TRETC HES FROM EQ UILIBRIU M
The force (F) varies with the distance, it is greater when pulled, zero when
not pulled, and average when it is in equilibrium
The work done is:
W= (1/2kx) (x) = 1/2kx
Therefore, the elastic potential energy is proportional to the square
of the pull:

Ep elastic= 1/2 kx
The value of x can mean that the spring is being compressed or pulled,
respect to the value of the equilibrium position.
In this example, the conservation of mechanical energy considers the
mass of the spring negligible. The mass (m) has a speed (v) at any
insant, frictionless and there is not other existing force, therefore thetotal
mechanical energy (E) is the sum of the kinetic and potential elastic
energies:

Ek= mv + 1/2kx
In figure b, when the object is pulled its speed is zero, and the kinetic
energy is zero, therefore the mechanical energy is going to be purely
potential energy.
In figure c, the speed when compressed is zero, so the kinetic energy
is zero and mechanical energy is made only from potential energy.
In its equilibrium position the distance (x) is zero, so the potential
energy is equal to zero and mechanical energy is all kinetic energy.
As the mass oscilates from left to right, potential and kinetic energy alternate between each other.
 Waves
The following characteristics are
observed:
A source that provokes this phenomenon
The propagation of energy to space,
causes that it can be detected in another
distant point in space.
We can define the wave as the
propagation of a disturbance in space
with no transport matter. The disturbance
is a variety of a physical magnitude in a
point of space, can be pressure, density,
intensity of electric field, position of
particles of a medium, etc.
A medium is a physical environment
through
which a disturbance can travel.
 4.5 WAVES
Electromagnetic waves are transverse and mechanical waves can be transverse or longitudinal.
Wave
TRANSVERSEin which
WAVE the vibrating
element moves in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of
advance of the wave.
Light is an example of this type of
wave.

LONGITUDINAL WAVE
Wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of the line
of advance of the wave.
The displacement of the medium is parallel to the propagation of the wave.
Sound wave.
 4.5 WAVES
While transverse waves have crests and troughs, longitudinal waves have
compressions and rarefactions.
COMPRESSION
It is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are closest together.
It is where the density of the wave medium is highest. In our line of people,
this was where folks were actually bumping into each other.
RAREFACTIONS
It is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are furthest apart.
It is where the density of the wave medium is lowest.
 4.6 Wave Magnitudes
Phase is a magnitude that depends on
the time of the position that is
characteristic of the state of motion.

In this example the particples 1 and 3 are

in phase position or they have opposite
phases. One is going up and the other
down.
Wavelenght denoted by
(lambda)
The minimun distance between two points that the same state of motion, this
is they are in phase.
The distance over which the wave's shape repeats
For two points of the medium are in phase, between them there should be an
equal distance of whole numbers of wavelengths.
Elements of a wave
Crest: higher point of the wave
Troughs: lower point of the crest
Node: Point that is in equilibrium, or whose displacement is zero
Amplitude: maximun displacement that reaches the point of the medium,
measured from the equilibrium position.
Period (T)
It is the period of simple harmonic oscillation that the particles of the medium
where they propagate the wave.
Time required for the disturbance propagates an equal distance of a
wavelength.

Frequency
It is the frequency of the simple harmonic oscillation made by the medium
particles.
Number of crests that pass through the midpoint per unit of time.
Frecuency and period are related among
them
Unit pf frequency are the cycles per second and are called hertz (Hz)

Wave speed (or velocity if direction is specified): the speed of propagation of

the disturbance propagates an equal distance of a wavelength.

The speed of the propagation of the wave depends on the properties of the
medium
Example
An object is dropped into a pool, we observe that they are 3 crests per
second (3 Hz of frequency) and the distance between two consecutive crests
is 2 meters, what is the speed of propagations?

If the speed of sound is 340 m/s. What is the wavelength sound with a
frequency of 355 Hz?
 4.7 WAVE PHENOMENA
Most frequent wave phenomenon.
REFLECTION
Reflection of wave takes place when a wave strike an obstacle. The
wave will change its direction of propagation when it is reflected.
Characteristics of Reflection of waves:
1.It obeys the Law of Reflection.
2. The wavelength, of the reflected wave is the same as that of the
incident waves.
3.The frequency, f of the reflected waves is the same as that of the
incident waves.
4.Therefore the speed, v of the reflected waves is the same as that of
the
LAWincident
States
OF thatwaves.
the angle of incidence is equal to the reflection angle.
REFLECTION
angle of reflection = angle of incidence
REFLECT
Angles are measured with respect to the normal line (the perpendicular
line).
We can point that this law is always true, but if the surface is irregular this
will not occur since the reflected ray will have different direction at the
surface.
 Refraction
Is the bending of a wave front as the
wave front passes between two
substances in which the speed of the
wave differs.
Refraction occurs when lights velocity Snells law determines the angle of refraction
changes. Glass, water, ice, diamonds
and quartz are examples of
transparent media through which light
can pass. The speed of the light in
each of these material is
different(Index of refraction).
nwind<nwater
nglass>nwind
 Refraction
The angle between the refracted ray and the normal is
called the angle of refraction, r , and the angle of incidence
is designated as i.
nair<nwater
nglass>nair
When the light ray moves from air into glass,
the refracted portion is bent toward the normal, (b) whereas
the path
of the light ray moving from glass into air is bent away from
the normal.
 Wave Superposition

When more than two waves are moving through the same
medium, the resultant displacement at any point is the
algebraic sum of the displacement of the individual waves.
We should take into account that the sum of the
displacement is algebraic when the plane of oscillation of
each wave is the same.
Interference
Interference is a case of superposition, when the waves are in superposition
they have the same frequency characteristics and wavelenght.
In this case, it can occur that the waves overlap in such manner that the
crests and throughs of both waves match, the resultant wave has larger
amplitude, because both displacements are added. The waves are said to
be in phase. The case is known as constructive interference.
Another possible case is when the crests of one of the waves match with the throughs of
the other and then, te resultant waves have small amplitude, because the
displacementsof each wave are substracted algebraically. The waves are in opposite
phases.

This is called destructive interference

Interference is very important for the application in waves, mainly in the interference of
light, which is used in the measurments of distance, to make color filters, among other
things.
Standing Waves
Is a wave in a medium in which each point on the axis of the wave
has an associated constant amplitude. The locations at which the
amplitude is minimum are called nodes, and the locations where the
amplitude is maximum are called antinodes.

A standing wave gets is name from the fact that it does not appear
to be traveling from one side of the string to the other. Rather, it is
waving while it stands in place.
The standing wave is used to determine the speed of propagation
of waves in different media, because the distance between
consecutive nodes is equal to the half of the wavelength , which can
be measur with the formula.
V=L)(f)
V=speed of the propagation
L=distance (one wavelength) between crests)
F=frecuency of oscilation
The fundamental mode of
oscilation is the one that has a
larger ampliutude and its
wavelength is such that in the
length of the rope(L) is formed by
a crest or though(half of the
wavelength)
L=L/2
The frecuency of the wave is
related to the wavelength by
v=(L)(f)isolating we obtain:
F=v/L
The string can oscilates in many
ways , called superior or
harmonic modes.The frecuencies
of superor modes will be
multiples of the fundamental
frecuency and in each case the
length of the string L is an
integrer number located at the
middle of the wavelength.
L=2(L/2)=L and f=2(L/2)L
Resonance
Is a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or
external force drives another system to oscillate with
greater amplitude at specific frequencies.
Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a
relative maximum are known as the system's
resonant frequencies or resonance frequencies. At
resonant frequencies, small periodic driving forces
have the ability to produce large amplitude
oscillations, due to the storage of vibrational energy.