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1
Rectifier
Rectifiers convert ac into dc
2
Diode Bridge Rectifier
(DBR)
3
Variac, Transformer, DBR Hookup
+
+
Vac RL
+
+ + 1V +
11V 10V RL 11V
1 3
What are the states of
RL the diodes on or off?
+ 4 2
Vac
I cannot flow into diode #4, so diode #4 must be off. If current is flowing,
then diode #1 must be on.
I cannot flow into diode #3, so diode #3 must be off. I flows through RL.
1 + +
RL
+ +
2
Vac > 0
The same process can be repeated for Vac < 0, where it can be seen that
diodes #3 and #4 are on, and diodes #1 and #2 are off 8
AC and DC Waveforms for a Resistive Load
1 3
+ +
Vdc Vdc
+ 2 4
Vac > 0 Vac < 0
+
Vac Vdc
40 40
20 20
Volts
Volts
0 0
0.00 8.33 16.67 25.00 33.33 0.00 8.33 16.67 25.00 33.33
-20 -20
-40 -40
Milliseconds Milliseconds
F - Hz C - uF VAC P-W
60 18000 28 200
Diode bridge
conducting. AC system
replenishing capacitor
C charges C discharges to load energy.
45
40 Peak-to-peak Diode bridge off.
35 ripple voltage Capacitor discharging
30 into load.
25 Vsource
Volts
20 Vcap
15
10
5
0
0.00 2.78 5.56 8.33 11.11 13.89 16.67
Milliseconds
From the power grid point of view, this load is not a good
citizen. It draws power in big gulps. 10
DC-Side Voltage and Current for Two Different
Load Levels
Vdc
200W Load 800W Load
Ripple voltage
1 increases
T
f
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Approximate Formula for DC Ripple Voltage
2 2 2 Pt
V peak Vmin
C
2 Pt
(V peak Vmin )(V peak Vmin )
C
2 Pt
(V peak Vmin )
C (V peak Vmin )
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Approximate Formula for DC Ripple Voltage,
cont.
2 Pt
(V peak Vmin )
C (V peak Vmin )
T/2
T t
For low ripple, V peak Vmin 2V peak , and t
2
1
T
f
P
(V peak Vmin ) V peak to peak ripple
2 fCV peak
13
AC Current Waveform
1
T=
f
= ?
Vampire loads have high leakage currents and low power
factor.
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Schematic
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Thermistor Characteristics
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Measuring Diode Losses with an Oscilloscope
Scope alligator clip
Scope probe
1 3
4 2
Tcond
Since the forward voltage on the diode is approximately constant during the conduction
interval, the energy absorbed by the diode during the conduction interval is
approximately V avg I avg T cond . Each diode has one conduction interval per
60Hz period, so the average power absorbed by all four diodes is then
4Vavg I avg Tcond
Pavg 240Vavg I avg Tcond Watts.
T60 Hz 18
Forward Voltage on One Diode
Zoom-In
Forward voltage on
one diode
Zero
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AC Current Waveform
View this by connecting the oscilloscope probe directly
across the barrel of the 0.01 current-sensing resistor
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