Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER 3
TRANSFORMER
1
TOPICS COVERED:
Transformer Basics
Transformer Construction
Transformer Operating
Principles
Transformer Symbols And
Testing
Step-up And Step-down
Transformer
2
TOPICS COVERED:
Transformer- Isolation Device
Transformer Current Calculation
and Efficiency
Transformer Rating
Power Losses
Impedance Matching
Transformer Application
3
TRANSFORMER BASICS
HOW??? 4
When two coils are placed very close to each
other, the changing magnetic flux line produced
by the first coil will cut through the second coil.
The two coils are said to be magnetically
linked or coupled. As a result, a voltage is
induced.
5
Because there is no electrical connection
between the two coils (only magnetic link), so
they are electrically isolated.
The amount of voltage induced in the second
coil depends on the mutual inductance, L M which
is the inductance between the two coils.
LM
LM k L1 L2 L1 L2
k 6
LM
LM k L1 L2 L1 L2
k
The coefficient of coupling is a measure of how
well the coils are linked; it is a number between
0 and 1.
The coefficient of coupling depends on factors
such as the orientation of the coils to each other,
their proximity, and if they are on a common
core. 7
TRANSFORMER BASICS
8
THE FUNCTION
Function of a transformer:
To transfer current, voltage and power from one
series of windings (coils) to another.
9
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
10
Dot Notation
11
TURN RATIOTurns ratio
A useful parameter for ideal transformers is the
turns ratio defined* as
N sec
n
N pri
Nsec = number of secondary windings
Npri = number of secondary windings
Example
A transformer has 800 turns on the primary and a turns
ratio of 0.25. How many turns are on the secondary?
OPERATING PRINCIPLES
Transformer action: based on the laws of
electromagnetic induction.
There is no electrical connection between the primary and
secondary. The AC power is transferred from primary to
secondary through magnetic flux.
If an ac voltage is applied to the primary coil,
magnetic flux will be created.
When the magnitude of the applied flux changed, then
the generated flux changed.
This changing flux will link the primary and secondary
coil and induce a voltage across the secondary
windings.
There is no change in frequency (output power has the
same frequency as the input power). 13
TRANSFORMER SYMBOLS AND
TESTING
(a) (b)
15
TRANSFORMER-
ISOLATION DEVICE
A transformer can also be used as an isolation device.
18
For an ideal transformer, the PPrimary is equal to the
PSecondary, or the power input is equal to the power
output.
Pout = Pin
VsIs = VpIp
Is/Ip = Vp/Vs
Efficiency of transformer,
19
Example 1:
A doorbell requires 0.4 A at 6V. It is
connected via a transformer whose
primary coil contains 2000 turns to a
120V AC line.
Calculate (a) N2 and (b) I1
20
Reflected load
A transformer changes both the voltage and
current on the primary side to different values on
the secondary side. This makes a load
resistance appear to have a different value on
the primary side. V pri V
R pri and RL sec
I pri I sec
21
22
IMPEDANCE MATCHING
To maximize power transfer, the load resistance
must be matched with the source resistance
Normally, the two resistance are not matched
and fixed (e.g.: speakers resistance (source) is
only a few ohms, but internal resistance of audio
power amplifier (load) is several thousand ohms.
To connect them, we need a transformer. Or
else, more power dissipated at the source.)
To match the resistance, reflect the load
resistance into the primary.
23
An amplifier has an 800 internal
resistance. To provide max power transfer,
what turns ratio must be used in the
matching transformer?
Calculate the turns ratio of a transformer
to match a 100 load to a source with
internal impedance of 2.5k. Find the load
voltage when the source voltage is 30V
24
Determine the turn ratio n that will cause
max power transfer to the load.Calculate
the max power to the load
25
Find n for max power transfer. Then
determine the power in the load if n=10
26
POWER LOSSES
28
POWER LOSSES IN A NON-IDEAL
TRANSFORMER
2) Hysteresis
The alternating flux causes changes in the alignment
of the molecules in the magnetic cores.
29
POWER LOSSES IN A NON-IDEAL
TRANSFORMER
Copper losses
Is the energy loss in the windings when the
transformer is loaded.
Total copper loss, Pc = Ip2Rp + Is2Rs
31
Example 4:
A transformer for home use of a portable radio
reduces 120V ac to 30V ac. The secondary
contains 50 turns, 10ohm resistance with the
current drawn is 10A. Calculate the total
transformer losses if the core losses is 50W.
Given the primary resistance is 5ohm.
32
TRANSFORMER APPLICATION
Isolation device
electrical isolation. Electrical isolation can be used to
improve the safety of electrical equipment.
DC isolation. Coupling transformers can be used to block
DC signals from reaching the secondary circuit.
34
THANK
YOU
35