CONCRETE FLOOR

SYSTEMS
 INTRODUCTION
Floor systems are the horizontal planes
that must support both live loads
people, furnishings, and movable
equipmentand dead loadsthe
weight of the floor construction itself.
Floor systems must transfer their loads
horizontally across space to either
beams and columns or to load bearing
walls
 Types of concrete floor
system
1. One-way slab 7. Two-way flat slab,
2. One-way joist slab, 8. Pre tensioning
3. Two-way slab 9. Post tensioning
4. Two-way slab and 10.Hollow core slabs
Beam 11.T beam and slab
5. Two-way waffle
12.Pre cast
slab
construction
6. Two-way flat plate
 One-way slab
If the ratio of the long dimension to
the short dimension of a slab panel is
greater than or equal to 2.0, most of
the load on the slab is transferred to
the long pair of beams
The load path is along the short
dimension of the slab panel
 Because the load is effectively
transferred along one direction, the
slab behaves as a one-way slab.
 The reinforcement in a one-way slab is
placed along the short direction, referred to
as the primary reinforcement
A nominal reinforcement placed in the
perpendicular direction is called as the
secondary reinforcement.
The purpose of secondary reinforcement is
to resist stresses caused by concrete
shrinkage and thermal expansion and
contraction of the slab.
 Two way slab
If the ratio of the long to short
dimension of a slab panel is less than
2.0, the slab is considered to behave
as a two-way slab.
However, real two-way slab behavior
occurs when the ratio of the two
dimensions is as close to 1.0 as
possible (between 1.0 and 1.25).
Two way slab
Two-Way Slab and Beam
In a two-way slab,
both directions
participate in
carrying the load.
Reinforcement is,
therefore,
provided in both
directions as
primary
reinforcement.
 Although
not
common,
both one-
way and
two-way
slabs may
occur in the
same floor,
 One-way and two-way solid slabs become
increasingly thick and hence uneconomical as
their span increases.
Generally, a slab thicker than 20cm is
discouraged because it creates a large dead
load on the floor.
For a one-way slab, a 20cm. slab thickness is
reached with a span of approximately 5m.
For a square two-way slab, a span of
approximately 7.5m requires a 20cm-thick slab.
 ONE-WAY JOIST FLOOR
A concrete floor that results from an
extremely economical formwork
consists of closely spaced, narrow
joists in one direction supported on
beams in the other direction
 Since the ribs are narrow and closely
spaced, the floor resembles a wood joist
floor.
It is, therefore, called a joist floor, or a
ribbed floor, but it is more commonly
known as one-way joist floor
Designed as a series of T-beams, joist
slabs are more suitable for longer spans
and heavier loads than one-way slabs
 one-way joist floor is constructed
with U-shaped pans as formwork
placed over a flatform deck.
The gap between pans represents
the width of joists, which can be
adjusted by placing the pans closer
or farther apart
 TWO-WAY JOIST FLOOR
(WAFFLE SLAB)
Waffle slab consists of joists in both
directions,
For the same depth of joists, a waffle
slab yields a stiffer floor than a
oneway joist floor.
It is, therefore, used where column-
to-column spacing lies between 10m
and 15m.
A waffle slab is best suited for square
or almost square column-to-column
 WAFFLE SLAB
When left exposed to the floor below,
the waffle slab provides a highly
articulated ceiling
 Waffle slabs
can be
efficiently
cantilevered
in two
directions up
to 1/3 of the
main span
When no
cantilever is
present, a
perimeter slab
 Waffle slabs can be efficiently
cantilevered in two directions up to
1/3 of the main span
When no cantilever is present, a
perimeter slab band is formed by
omitting dome forms.
 Two-Way Flat Plate
A flat plate is a concrete slab of
uniform thickness reinforced in two or
more directions and supported directly
by columns without beams or girders.
Simplicity of forming, lower
floor-to-floor heights, and
some flexibility in column
placement make flat plates
practical for apartment and
hotel construction
 Two-Way Flat Plate
A flat-plate slab results in a low floor-
to-floor height, and its formwork is
economical.
 Two-Way Flat Plate
Since the beams are concealed
within the slab thickness, columns
need not be arranged on a regular
grida major architectural
advantage.
However, a flat plate is a two-way
system; hence, the column spacing
in both directions should be
approximately the same
 Two-Way Flat Slab
A flat slab is similar to a flat plate,
but it has column heads, referred to
as drop panels
 Two-Way Flat Slab
The primary purpose of drop panels is to
provide greater shear resistance at the
columns, where the shear maximizes.

A flat slab is generally

used where the live
loads are relatively
high, such as in
parking garages or
storage or industrial
facilities
Two-Way Flat Slab
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Pre stressed concrete is reinforced by
pre tensioning or post tensioning
high-strength steel tendons within
their elastic limit to actively resist a
service load.
The tensile stresses in the tendons
are transferred to the concrete,
placing the entire cross section of the
flexural member in compression.
 Use of prestressed beams
The resulting compressive stresses
counteract the tensile bending stresses
from the applied load, enabling the
prestressed member to:
deflect less,
carry a greater load
span a greater distance than a
conventionally reinforced member of the
same size, proportion, and weight.
Steps in pretensioning
 There are several benefits of prestressing.
Most important ones are reduced cracking
in concrete and the reduction in the
dimensions of structural members, resulting
in smaller dead loads and overall economy.
The disadvantages of prestressing are the
higher cost of tendons as compared with
reinforcing bars and the need for greater
quality control and a more skilled labor
force.
 Post tensioning
Posttensioning is the stressing of a concrete
member by tensioning the reinforcing tendons
after the concrete has set.
Posttensioned members tend to shorten over
time due to elastic compression, shrinkage, and
creep.
Adjoining elements that would be affected by
this movement should be constructed after the
posttensioning process is completed and be
isolated from the posttensioned members with
expansion joints.
 PRECAST CONCRETE
FLOOR
Precast concrete slabs, beams, and
structural tees are one-way spanning units
that may be supported by sitecast
concrete, precast concrete, or masonry
bearing walls, or by steel frames.
The precast units are manufactured with
normal-density or structural lightweight
concrete and prestressed for greater
structural efficiency, which results in less
depth, reduced weight, and longer spans
 PRECAST CONCRETE
FLOOR
The units are cast and steam-cured in a plant
off-site, transported to the construction site,
and set in place as rigid components with
cranes.
Fabrication in a factory environment enables to
have a consistent quality check, durability, and
finish, and eliminates the need for on-site
formwork.
The modular nature of the standard-sized units,
however, may not be suitable for irregular
building shapes.
 HOLLOW-CORE SLABS
Hollow-core slabs are prestressed
concrete slabs that contain voids in
their central region.
The voids reduce the dead load of
the slab by 40% to 50%, as
compared with a site-cast concrete
slab for the same span.
Slabs are produced in thicknesses of
10cm, 15cm, 20cm, 25cm, 30cm,
and 35cm, with the 20cm thick slab
 The width of the slabs is generally
1.2m
A typical section through a 20cm
thick, 1.2m wide slab is shown below
The number of voids and their cross-
sectional profiles are manufacturer
specific.
HOLLOW-CORE SLABS
 DOUBLE-TEE UNITS
Double-tee units are used where the
spans are large and cannot be
provided economically with site-cast
concrete construction or hollow-core
slabs.
They are commonly used for hotel
and bank lobbies.
 A site-cast concrete topping may be used
over the slabs.
The topping provides structural integration of
slab units and increases the floors fire
resistance and sound insulation.
It also functions as a leveling bed,
particularly with units with uneven camber.
In many buildings, however, topping is
omitted for the sake of economy.