Basic Oleochemical

and its Derivative

- Theories
-Process Involves
 Oleochemistry

Oleochemistry refers to the

transformation of fats and vegetable
oils through different processes;

The main basic products of the

oleochemical complex are Fatty Acids,
Fatty Esters, Fatty Alcohols,
Glycerine;

Several important commercial

products may be obtained via
oleochemistry.
Oleochemistry
Fatty Acid and Glycerine
Production of fatty acids & glycerine starting
from vegetable & animal oil and fats

Hydrolysisis the basic production step, the fats

and oils are split into crude glycerine and a mixture
of crude fatty acids, under the combined action of
water, temperature and pressure.
Fats & oils crude glycerine + crude fatty
acids + water

The temperature exceeds 200C and the products

are kept under pressure for more than 20 minutes..
 Separationof fatty Distillationis
used to purify the
acids yields a liquid crude fatty acids
fraction (unsaturated under vacuum.
acids, mainly oleic
acids) and a solid Hydrogenation
fraction (saturated increases
acids, mainly stearic the melting
acids). point of the fatty
acids.
Fractional distillationis Hydrogenation is
used to separate a the conversion
mixture of fatty acids of unsaturated
into fatty acids of a acids into
saturated acids.
more specific chain
length.
Process and Derivative of Fatty Acid
A process for the esterification of a triglyceride.
The process comprises forming a single phase
solution of said triglyceride in an alcohol selected
from methanol and ethanol, the ratio of alcohol to
triglyceride being 15:1 to 35:1.
The solution further comprises a co-solvent in an
amount to effect formation the single phase and a
base catalyst for the esterification reaction.
After a period of time, ester is recovered from the
solution.
Esterification is rapid and proceeds essentially to
completion.
The esters may be used as biofuel or biodiesel
Derivatives of Glycerine
Glycerine (also called glycerin or glycerol)
is an alcohol which is used as a moisturizer
in soaps and lotions.

Glycerine has a sweet taste, and it can

be used as a food preservative and a non-
sugar sweetener.
 Lubricant
s (jet
engine,
refrigerat
ion)

Plasticize
Glyceri r for
Polyureth
ane Foam
Polyvinyl
ne Butyral
(PVB)

Explosiv
es
 FATTY
ALCOHOL
Examples of Derivative

Fatty alcohols and their derivatives are used at about 70% in surface active substances and in addition in polymers, oil
additives, cosmetics and have many specialty uses.

Due to the described reasons fatty alcohols orient themselves at interfaces, which allows their use in
emulsions and micro-emulsions.

In cosmetic emulsions (creams, lotions) the main function of the fatty alcohols is to provide consistency, in technical
emulsions they are used as co-surfactants and solution aids.
Process involves
1. A fatty acid or fatty 4. As the liquid flows
acid mixture is esterified down the trays it
in a column reactor. encounters progressively
drier lower alkanol.
2. Relatively dry lower
alkanol vapour (water 5. The ester product
content not more than 5 recovered from the
mole %) is injected into the bottom of the reactor
bottom
3. Waterofof
the column
esterification has an ester content
reactor.
is removed from the top of at least 99 mole %
of the column reactor in (calculated on a lower
the vapour stream, whilst alkanol free basis).
ester product is recovered
from the sump of the
reactor.
 8. This is distilled to yield a
6. This ester fatty alcohol fraction which
product is then contains a minor amount of a
subjected to lower alkyl (e.g. methyl) fatty
vapour phase acid ester or esters.
hydrogenation, 9. The fatty
using typically a alcohol fraction
7.reduced
The resulting
coppermixture is subjected to
contains, in
oxide-zinc addition to at
oxide transesterificatio
least about 0.5 mole % up
catalyst. n to convert
to about 5 mole % of substantially all
unreacted ester, product of any lower
fatty alcohol or alcohols alkyl ester
and lower alkanol, there present to wax
being no need to separate ester or esters.
the lower alkanol from the
ester if the lower alkanol is
methanol.
Process Derivatives of Fatty
Alcohol
The present invention includes a process for producing
esters from a feedstock that includes a fat or an oil.

The process includes mixing the feedstock with an

alcohol and a catalyst to form a reaction mixture.

The catalyst includes a mixture of calcium acetate

and barium acetate.

The reaction mixture is heated to a temperature

effective for making esters.

This process is unique with respect to a conversion of

high free fatty acid oil to oil with less than 10% free
fatty acids by weight in a single step.
Methyl Ester Methyl Ester 165 is
recommended for
Methyl Ester 165 is a use in precision
low viscosity fatty operations such as
ester that offers drilling, tapping,
superior metal form grinding, and
wetting Swiss-Type
characteristics and Automatics. The
boundary lubricity treat levels for
compared to these applications
conventional animal- would be 5-15%,
based fatty additives depending on the
severity.
Process Involves
Methyl esters can be produced from either natural oils (coconut,
palm kernel, tallow) or from fatty acids.
Today, most esters are produced directly from the oils.
The process involves reacting the oils with methanol (wood alcohol) in
the presence of an acid or base catalyst.
As we saw earlier, oils like coconut oil are composed of chemicals
called triglycerides which themselves are compounds of fatty acids
and glycerol (another alcohol).
In the ester making process, the fatty acids attached to the glycerol
are released and become attached to the methanol.
This results in a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (sometimes
abbreviated to FAME) with the glycerol (glycerine) freed.
The crude, whole-cut methyl esters have the catalyst neutralised with
acids or alkalis, depending on which catalyst was chosen for use, and
excess methanol removed by distillation.
The methanol is returned to the process to produce more methyl
esters.
Derivatives of Methyl Ester
1. An oil/fat is transesterified
(a reaction between ester
and alcohol ) with methanol
to produce methyl esters.
2. The methyl esters are
then saponified with
sodium hydroxide to
produce soap with
methanol as by-product.
3. The soap base and
additive are mixed in
a primary blend with
a scroll type mixer for
4 to 6 minutes.
4. The mixture is passed
through a series of
rollers to homogenize it.
A thin sheet of soap is
produced.
5. Under high pressure ,
the mixture is churned
along the length of the
screw and extruded
through a perforate dend
palte. Several thin layers of
soap are produced.
 6. The homogenized soap is compressed by a large
worm screw extruder or plodder. A single large continuos
bar of soap Is produced, the diameter of which is
adjusted to fit the dimensions of the final product.

7. The continuos bar of extruded

soap is cut and stamped into the
final soap bars.

8. The soap bars are

individually wrapped for
the market.
Fatty Amines - Uses
 Process Involves
1. Fatty acid reacts with
4. Secondary fatty amines
ammonia to form ammonium
can be prepared directly
soap, which then dehydrates to from primary amines by
the corresponding fatty amide the removal of ammonia at
at temperatures above 423K. reduced pressure, passing
the hydrogen through the
2. At 523K, this fatty amide reaction mixture, and using
dehydrates again, in the suitable catalysts ( nickel
or copper based) at
presence of suitable temperature between 423K
catalyst(eg, ZnO for a and 493K.
continuos process and
bauxite for a batch process),
to3.form the fatty nitrile.
Hydrogenation of the nitrile at high
pressures and temperatures between
323K and 473K, again by using
suitable catalysts, for example, based
on nickel or noble metals, provides
Process Derivatives
Ethoxylates are made through ethoxylation process. In
this process, glycerol, fatty acids and amines such as
fatty amines, tallow amines, coco amine, oleyl amine and
stearyl amine are made to react with ethylene oxide. The
ethoxylation process occurs in the presence of potassium
hydroxide catalysts which increases the speed of the
reaction.
Fatty amines are prepared by distilling fatty acids and are
nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids. Amines can also be
prepared by reacting ammonia with fatty alcohols.
Gyclerine ethoxylate products are manufactured by
reacting glycerin with ethylene oxide.
The amount of ethylene oxide added to amines and other
compounds affect the chemical properties such as
emulsification, surface tension and ability to dissolve in
other solvents. The ability to control most of the
properties makes ethoxylate compounds applicable in
many industrial processes.
Examples Of Derivatives

Fatty amine ethoxylates are nonionic surfactants used as

wetting and dispersing agents, stabilizers, sanitizers and
defoaming agents in various industries like textile, paper,
drilling, chemical, paint, metal etc.
Thefatty amine ethoxylatesare used as emulsifiers and
can also be employed in formulation of emulsifier blends.
They play an important role as emulsifiers in agrochemical
industries, cleaners in industrial processes especially in
metal industry, oil field chemicals, fabric softeners,
petroleum additives and for applications in textile and
leather processing, paper de-inking, mining & drilling.