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IIS Progress
Gruppo Istituto Italiano della Saldatura 2
Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
IIS Progress
Gruppo Istituto Italiano della Saldatura 3
Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Main uses
Military and aerospace industry
Ducts, tanks for corrosive fluids
Gears and compressor blades for
jet engines
Components rotor helicopters K-512 Tomsk - 949A Antey
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Many other alloy elements (Cr, Nb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ta, V) have the
opposite aim, lowering that temperature to below 880 C For this reason,
are called beta-stabilizers
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Titanium alloys
Commercially pure titanium (CP)
Presents limited amount of
interstitial elements (O, in
particular), in function of which will
have varying degrees of Ti CP
The corrosion resistance is excellent
and constant in the different grades
Mechanical strength and hardness
increase with the oxygen content
The ductility is greater for the purest
degrees (most common use)
They are called grades 1 to 4, with a
fifth grade (grade 7) with Pd
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
ASTM B 265
degrees 1 4 and 7:
purity, relative to the
metallic impurities
and interstitial
elements,
descending from 1 to
4
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Beta alloys
They are characterized by high
amounts of beta - stabilizers
Are provided with a cycle of
solubilization and subsequent
hardening, in order to create a
structure beta
This structure (metastable, after
quenching) is made more durable
by heat treatment of aging, with
precipitation of alpha particles in
the matrix
Have the higher tensile
characteristics of all Ti alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Beta alloys
T -transus at about 700 C: the
transformation of the phase is slow and it
can get this phase at room temperature
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Beta alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Distension treatment
Designazione Temperatura (C) Tempo (h)
Titanio puro
Eliminate or reduce the Titanio commercialmente puro 480 - 600 0.5 - 1
tensions caused by cold Leghe e super-
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn 540 - 650 1-4
working, machining or Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V 580 - 610 2
Ti-5Al-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo 600 2-8
welding Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo 600 - 650 0.25 - 2
Ti-6Al-4Zr-2Mo-2Sn 480 - 650 1-4
Leghe -
Ti-3Al-2.5V 540 - 600 0.5 - 2
It is required for problems Ti-6Al-4V 540 - 600 2-4
related to stress corrosion Ti-7Al-4Mo 480 - 700 0.5 - 8
Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn 480 - 650 1-4
cracking and / or Ti-6Al-6Mo-4Zr-2Sn 600 - 700 0.25 - 4
Ti-8Mn 480 - 600 0.25 - 2
conditions of fatigue or Ti-3Al-10V-2Fe 670 - 700 0.5 - 2
precision machining Leghe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al 480 - 540 0.5 - 6
Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn 720 - 740 0.1 - 0.25
Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al 510 - 600 1-4
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
700 R60700 99,2 min 4.5 0.20 - 0.10 0.005 0.025 0.05 -
702 R60702 99,2 min 4.5 0.20 - 0.16 0.005 0.025 0.05 -
704 R60704 97.5 min 4.5 0.200.40 1.002.00 0.18 0.005 0.025 0.05 -
705 R60705 95.5 min 4.5 0.20 max - 0.18 0.005 0.025 0.05 2.03.0
706 R60705 95.5 min 4.5 0.20 max - 0.16 0.005 0.025 0.05 2.03.0
Zircaloy-4 R60804 Rem. 0,010 0.28-0.37 1.20-1.70 0.16 0,0025 0,0080 0,027 -
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Atomic number 73
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
A cladding with pure Ta of a carbon steel A lining in Ta of a part of the pipe flange
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Welding of Ta during the manufacture of a heat exchanger through the glove box
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Grades of weldability
Often, considering the Tipo di lega Grado di saldabilit
Titanio puro
different parameters that
Gradi 1 - 4, 7 A
influence the weldability Leghe
(ductility, sensitivity to Ti-5Al-2.5Sn B
Ti-5Al-2.5Sn-ELI A
interstitial precipitation of
Leghe super-
brittle phases, for example) Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V A
is associated with the types Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Mo A
Ti-6Al-4Zr-2Mo-2Sn B
of alloy degree of weldability, Leghe -
qualitative Ti-6Al-4V B
Ti-6Al-4V-ELI A
These ratings are purely Ti-7Al-4Mo C
indicative Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn C
Ti-8Mn D
Leghe
Ti-13V-11Cr-3Al B
A - ottima saldabilit
B - discreta saldabilit
C - saldabilit limitata a casi particolari
D - saldatura sconsigliata
Weldability of Ti CP
Modest tensile properties, good
ductility and toughness at Tamb,
heat resistance very low
Contamination of Fe (> 0.05%)
preferential corrosive attack in the
presence of nitric acid solution
Joints vulnerable due to the
residual phase stabilized by Fe,
which gives rise to galvanic cells
with the contiguous phase
Filler materials with low Fe content
and avoid use of steel wire brushes
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Weldability of alloys
Good weldability due to their high
ductility
Work-hardened alloys: the
mechanical strength of the
welded joint is below that of the
base material for the effect of
annealing that the welding gives
the HAZ
Do not heat treatable, are
normally welded in the annealed
condition, without the risk of
softening in the HAZ,
consumables counterparts
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Weldability of - alloys
Greater influence from the
contamination of atmospheric
gases for the alloys with Rp0, 2
higher due to the low ductility of the
crystalline structure obtained by the
thermal cycles of welding and the
high strength even at high-T
medium.
Low ductility of the joints for the
phase transformation in the ZF and Gearbox in Ti6Al4V, courtesy Team Lotus
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Weldability of - alloys
The alloy Ti-6Al-4V has the best
weldability
can be welded in the annealed
condition which is solubilized and
partially aged. The aging is then
completed after welding with the
relaxing treatment.
The alloys to higher levels of GMAW welded joint, thickness 20
elements stabilizers have weldability mm, Ti gr. 5
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Weldability of alloys
Alloy is weldable in the annealed and solubilized-aged condition : Ti-13V-
11Cr-3Al, Ti-3Al-8V-8Mo-2Fe and Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn.
The melted area hardly reaches the mechanical strength of MB
The welded joints are equipped with discrete ductility but not optimal
tensile characteristics to the state "as welded" and are often used in this
condition.
The aging process can be performed if the joints have to be exposed to
high temperatures during operation.
To get the best efficiency of the joint, these alloys should be welded in the
annealed condition
completed joint are made of thermomechanical treatments (cold deformation
followed by aging in the temperature range 450 480 C) allowing to reach
in ZF of tensile characteristics equal to those of the base material.
Following this treatment, however, the ductility and toughness of the joints
remain generally low
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
plated to explosion
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
GTAW process
Usable in any position (even applications
orbital)
With the TIG welding normally without filler
material up to 1/8 "thick
The generator is a typical TIG welding
machine, typically used in DCSP
Current control pedal, HF ignition and timer
for programming the gas protection are
equally common
Torches by 3/4 ", preferably water cooled,
are used, with electrodes to 2% of Th, with
the tip of about 60 (blunt end)
In order to minimize heat input, you should
use the smallest possible diameter of the
electrode
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
GTAW process
The gaseous protection must be
guaranteed even in the cooling step
up to about 400 C (with a dew point
not higher than a predetermined
value)
In recent times, techniques have
been adopted to greater productivity
The first example concerns the so-
called hot wire TIG
the second, Key Hole TIG (also called
high pro TIG)
the third, the FA TIG process
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Colour chart
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Weldability of Titanium and reactive alloys
Hardness test
It is used as an indirect measure of
oxygen and nitrogen contamination of
the weld
Since they are interstitial elements,
enter into solution and increase the
mechanical strength
Are easily obtained on pure titanium,
increases in hardness in the welded
area greater than 10 HB30
Are considered acceptable increments
up to 20-25 HB30, the ductility of the
weld remains still for hardness
increases up to about 40 HB30.
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