Integral Calculus

An antiderivative of f `(x) = f(x)

The indefinite integral:

f `( x ) dx f ( x ) c
You need to remember all the integral identities from higher.

a n 1
dx x c
n
ax
n 1
1
cos( ax b )dx
a
sin(ax b ) c

1
sin( ax b )dx
a
cos(ax b ) c
 Standard forms
From the differentiation exercise we know:

d x
(e ) e x
c
x x
e dx e
dx
d 1 1
(ln x ) x dx ln x c
dx x
x dx tan x c
2
sec
d
(tan x ) sec 2 x
dx

This gives us three new antiderivatives.

Note: x x when x 0 but x x when x 0

 1 2
e dx e3 x dx
3x
1. Find
0 1

2
1 2 2 1 3 x 1 1
0 1 0 e6
3x 3x 3x
e dx e dx e dx 3 e 3 3
0

5
2. Find dx
x
5 1
x x c
5
dx 5 dx 5ln x c ln x
 x dx
2
3. Find tan
`
(We need to use a little trig here and our knowledge of integrals.)
2 2
sin x cos x 1
sin x cos x 1
2 2
2
2
2
tan 2
x 1 sec 2
x
cos x cos x cos x

x 1 dx
2 2
tan x dx sec

x dx tan x c
2
From a few pages ago we know sec

x 1 dx tan x x c
2 2
tan x dx sec
 Integration by Substitution
When differentiating a composite function we made use of the chain rule.

y (2 x 3)3 Let u 2 x 3 y u 3

dy du
3u 2 and 2
du dx
dy dy du
3u 2 2 6u 2 6(2 x 3)2
dx du dx

When integrating, we must reduce the function to a standard form one for which we
know the antiderivative.

This can be awkward, but under certain conditions, we can use the chain rule in reverse.
If we wish to perform g (f ( x )).f `( x ) dx we can proceed as follows.
Let u f ( x ) then du f `( x )dx
The integral then becomes g (u )du which it is hoped will be a standard form.

2 3
1. Find x ( x 3) dx

Let u x 2 3 du 2 x dx
1 3 1 4
2 u c
2 3
x ( x 3) dx u du Substituting back gives,
8
1 2
( x 3)4 c
8

2 3 5
2. Find 3x ( x 4) dx

Let u x 3 4 then du 3 x 2 dx

du
2 3 5 5
3x ( x 4) dx u

1 6
u c
6

( x 3 4)6
c
6

3
3. Find 8cosx sin x dx

Let u sin x then du cos x dx

du
3 3
8cosx sin x dx 8u

2u 4 c

2sin4 x c
For many questions the choice of substitution will not always be obvious.

You may even be given the substitution and in that case you must use it.

4ln x
1. Find dx. Let u ln x
x
1
du dx
x
4ln x
x dx 4u du
2u 2 c
2(ln x )2 c
2. Find (1 x 2 ) dx. Let u sin 1 x

x sin u dx cos u du Substituting gives,

(1 x 2 ) dx 1 sin2 u cos u du

cos2 u du We can not integrate this yet. Let us use trig.

1
cos2 u (1 cos 2u )
2
1 1 u 1
cos 2u du sin2u c
2 2 2 4
u 1 1
.2sin u cos u c u sin u cos u c
2 4 2
 1
u sin u cos u c Now for some trig play..
2

x sin u, but what does cos u equal?

sin2 u cos2 u 1
cos2 u 1 sin2
cos u 1 sin2 u

1
(1 x ) dx u sin u cos u c
2

2
1

sin1 x x 1 x 2 c
2
 x2
3. Find 4x 2
dx. Let x 2sin

dx 2cos d

x2 4 sin2 4 sin2
4x 2
dx
4 4 sin 2
.2cos d
2 1 sin 2
.2cos d

2 sin2
.2cos d
cos 2

1 1
4 sin d
2
sin 2
cos 2
2 2

2 2cos 2 d

2 sin2 c

2 2sin cos c We now need to substitute theta

in terms of x.
x 2sin x 2 4 sin2
x 1 x 4 4cos2
sin sin
2 2 4 cos2 4 x 2
2cos 4 x 2
1
cos 4 x2
2

x2
4x 2
dx 2 2 sin cos c
x
1 x 1
2 sin 2. . 4 x 2 c
2 2 2

1 x x
2 sin 4 x2 c
2 2
 Now for some not very obvious substitutions.

x dx
5
1. Find sin

sin5 x sin x sin4 x sin x (sin2 x )2 sin x (1 cos2 x )2

5 2 2
sin x dx sin x (1 cos x ) dx Let u cos x du sin x dx

5 2 2 2 4 2 4
sin x dx (1 u ) du (1 2u u ) du 1 2u u du

2 3 1 5
u u u c
3 5
2 1
cos x cos5 x cos x c
3

3 5
 1
2. Find dx Let u 1 x
1 x
1
1 21
du x dx dx 2 x 2 du dx 2 1 u du
2

1 2(u 1) 2
1 x dx u du u du
2

2u 2ln u c

2 2 x 2ln 1 x c
 Substitution and definite integrals
Assuming the function is continuous over the interval, then exchanging the limits for
x by the corresponding limits for u will save you having to substitute back after the
integration process.

2 3
1. Evaluate (2x+4)(x 4 x ) dx
1

Let u x 2 4 x du 2 x 4 dx When x 2, u 12; x 1, u 5

2 12
(2x+4)(x 4 x ) dx
2 3
u 3du
1 5
12
1 4
u
4 5

5027.75
 Special (common) forms
Some substitutions are so common that they can be treated as standards and, when
their form is established, their integrals can be written down without further ado.

1
f (ax b)dx a F (ax b) c
f `( x )
f ( x ) dx ln f ( x ) c
1
c
2
f `( x )f ( x )dx ( f ( x ))
2
 Area under a curve
y = f(x)

b
A f ( x ) dx
a

a b

a b

b
A f ( x ) dx
a

y = f(x)
 Area between the curve and y - axis
y = f(x)

b
b
a A f ( y ) dy
a
 1. Calculate the area shown in the diagram below.

y = x2 + 1

1
5
A ( y 1) dy
2
2
y x2 1 5
2 3

x2 y 1 ( y 1) 2

3 2
x y 1
14
units squared.
3

TJ Exercise 7, 8 and 9
 Volumes of revolution
Volumes of revolution are formed when a curve is rotated about the x or y axis.

b d
V y dx 2
V x 2dy
a c
 1. Find the volume of revolution obtained between x = 1 and x = 2 when the curve
y = x2 + 2 is rotated about

(i) the x axis (ii) the y axis.

2
(i ) V y 2dx (ii ) when x 1, y 3 and when x 2, y 6
1
6
2 V x 2dy
( x 4 x 1)dx
4 2
3
1
6
2 ( y 2)dy
x 5
4x 3
3
x 6
5 3 1 y 2

2y
32 32 1 1 2 3
2 1
5 3 5 3 9
18 12 6
263 2
units3
15 15
units3
2
 Displacement, velocity, acceleration for
rectilinear motion

We have already seen in chapter 2 on differential calculus that where distance is

given as a function of time, S = f (t), then

ds d 2s dv
velocity v acceleration a 2
dt dt dt

Hence,

v (t ) a(t )dt s(t ) v (t )dt

1. A particle starts from rest and, at time t seconds, the velocity is given by
v = 3t2 + 4t 1. Determine the distance, velocity and acceleration at t = 4 seconds.

v 3t 2 4t 1
dv
a 6t 4
dt
s v (t )dt t 2t t c
3 2
When t = 0, s = 0

t 3 2t 2 t

When t = 4,

s 43 2.16 4 v 3.16 16 1 a 24 4
92 units 63 units / s 28 units / s 2