Umcg 2

Multi-scale modeling of the
carotid artery
G. Rozema, A.E.P. Veldman, N.M. Maurits

University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen
The Netherlands
University of Groningen
Computational Mechanics & Numerical Mathematics
Area of interest
Atherosclerosis in
distal the carotid arteries
is a major cause of
ischemic strokes!
proximal
ACI: internal carotid artery
ACE: external carotid artery
ACC: common carotid artery
Multi-scale modeling of the carotid artery
Several submodels of different length- and timescales
Carotid bifurcation
A model for the local blood flow
in the region of interest: Fluid dynamics
A model for the fluid dynamics: ComFlo

A model for the wall dynamics Wall dynamics
A model for the global cardiovascular

Global
circulation outside the region of interest Cardiovascular
(better boundary conditions) Circulation
(electric network model)
Computational fluid dynamics: ComFlo
Finite-volume discretization of Navier-Stokes equations
Cartesian Cut Cells method

Domain covered with Cartesian grid
Elastic wall moves freely through grid
Discretization using apertures in cut cells
Example:
Continuity equation Conservation of mass:
Modeling the wall as a mass-spring system
The wall is covered with pointmasses (markers)

The markers are connected with springs
For each marker a momentum equation is applied
x: the vector of marker positions
Boundary conditions
Simple boundary conditions: Outflow Outflow
Inflow
Dynamic boundary conditions: Deriving boundary

conditions from lumped parameter models, i.e. modeling
the cardiovascular circulation as an electric network
(ODE)
Coupling the submodels
Carotid bifurcation
Fluid dynamics
Weak coupling between
PDE fluid equations (PDE)
wall motion pressure and wall equations (ODE)
Wall dynamics
ODE
Weak coupling between
Boundary conditions local and global
hemodynamic submodels
Global
Cardiovascular
Circulation
ODE Future work: Numerical stability
Global cardiovascular circulation model
Carotid
Bifurcation
Electric Hydraulic
Current Flow rate Q
Voltage Pressure P
Flow in tubes
Compliance due to the elasticity of the wall
P: Pressure in tube
V: Volume of tube
Qin Qout V0: Unstressed volume
P, V
Qin: Inflow
Qout: Outflow
Consider an elastic tube, with internal pressure P and volume V
The linearized pressure-volume relation is given by
Differentiate the PV relation and use conservation of mass to obtain
C: Compliance of the tube

P
Electric analog: Capacitor
Qin Qout
Q: Current, P: Voltage C
Flow in tubes
Resistance due to fluid viscosity
Pin: Inflow pressure

Pin Q Pout Pout: Outflow pressure
Q: Volume flux
Consider stationary Poiseuille flow (parabolic velocity profile)

Conservation of momentum is given by:
R: Resistance due to fluid viscosity

Q
Electric analog: Resistor
Pin Pout
Q: Current, P: Voltage
R
Flow in tubes
Resistance due to inertia
Pin: Inflow pressure
Pin Q Pout Pout: Outflow pressure
Q: Volume flux
Consider inviscous potential flow (flat velocity profile)

Conservation of momentum is given by (Newtons law):
L: Resistance due to inertia (mass)
L
Electric analog: inductor
Pin Pout
Q: Current, P: Voltage Q
The ventricle model
Elastic sphere with time-dependent compliance
Linearized pressure-volume relation for elastic sphere

P: Pressure in sphere
V: Volume of sphere
P, V
V0: Unstressed volume
Include heart action by making the compliance C time-dependent
Qin P Qout
C(t): Time-dependent compliance of the ventricle
Differentiate the time-dependent PV relation C(t) 1/C(t)

and use conservation of mass to obtain
-V0(t)/C(t)
Clinical application
Parameterization of the ventricle model: the PV diagram
Use the EDPVR and the ESPVR

Ejection
from the PV diagram of the left ventricle
Relaxation
Contraction
Filling
Assume a linear ESPVR and EDPVR with slopes Ees and Eed and
unstressed volumes V0,es and V0,ed:
Parameterization of the ventricle model: the driver function e(t)
Construct PV relations for intermediate times by moving between the

ESPVR and EDPVR according to a driver function e(t) between 0 and 1:
Example of a driver function e(t):
Parameterization of the ventricle model: electric analog
Differentiate the time-dependent PV relation Qin P Qout

and use conservation of mass to obtain the
ventricle model:
C(t) 1/C(t)
with
M(t)
C(t): Time-dependent compliance, function of Ees and Eed

M(t): Voltage generator, can be left out when assuming V0,es = V0,ed = 0
Minimal electrical model
Simple ventricle model
Peripheral resistance
Carotid
Artery
Input resistance
Ventricle model
Heart valves modeled by diodes
Carotid
Artery
Input/output compliance, resistance around ventricle
Carotid
Artery
Compliance in peripheral element
Carotid
Artery
Parallel systemic loop, internal/external carotid peripheral elements
Carotid
Bifurcation
Structure of the model
Carotid Red: Arterial compartments

Bifurcation
Blue: Venous compartments
Green: Capillaries
Simulation example
A simulation is performed to see if the model can capture global

physiological flow properties:
Simulated flow rate for two cycles
Parameter values are not yet realistic
Simulation example
Left ventricle simulation results show global correspondence to real
data (Wiggers diagram)
Aortic valve closes
Aortic valve opens
Pressure in left ventricle (solid)

Pressure in aorta (dash)
Volume in left ventricle
Future work
Parameterization of the electric network model (resistors, inductors,

capacitors): linking the model to clinical measurements
Coupling of the electric network model to the 3D carotid bifurcation

model
Multi-scale simulations for individual patients?

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Multi-scale modeling of the

G. Rozema, A.E.P. Veldman, N.M. Maurits

ACE: external carotid artery

ACC: common carotid artery

A model for the fluid dynamics: ComFlo

A model for the global cardiovascular

Finite-volume discretization of Navier-Stokes equations

Cartesian Cut Cells method

The wall is covered with pointmasses (markers)

x: the vector of marker positions

Simple boundary conditions: Outflow Outflow

Dynamic boundary conditions: Deriving boundary

Differentiate the PV relation and use conservation of mass to obtain

C: Compliance of the tube

Pin: Inflow pressure

Consider stationary Poiseuille flow (parabolic velocity profile)

R: Resistance due to fluid viscosity

Consider inviscous potential flow (flat velocity profile)

L: Resistance due to inertia (mass)

Linearized pressure-volume relation for elastic sphere

Include heart action by making the compliance C time-dependent

Differentiate the time-dependent PV relation C(t) 1/C(t)

Use the EDPVR and the ESPVR

Construct PV relations for intermediate times by moving between the

Example of a driver function e(t):

Differentiate the time-dependent PV relation Qin P Qout

C(t): Time-dependent compliance, function of Ees and Eed

Carotid Red: Arterial compartments

A simulation is performed to see if the model can capture global

Simulated flow rate for two cycles

Parameter values are not yet realistic

Pressure in left ventricle (solid)

Volume in left ventricle

Parameterization of the electric network model (resistors, inductors,

Coupling of the electric network model to the 3D carotid bifurcation

Multi-scale simulations for individual patients?

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