Presentation

Presentation
on
on
Antibiotics
Antibiotics
Presented By:
M.Ehsan Ullah
BZU Multan
Department of Environmental
MS-ES-07
 Antibiotics
Antibiotics(Greekanti,against;
bios, life) are chemical compounds
used to kill or inhibit the growth of
infectious organisms. Originally the
term antibiotic referred only to organic
compounds, produced by bacteria or
molds, that are toxic to other
microorganisms.
Penicillin is the most well-known E
antibiotic and has been used to fight X
many infectious diseases, including A
syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and
scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, M
streptomycin, has been used to combat P
tuberculosis. L
E
Kinds:
Antibiotics: Substance (such as penicillin) that destroys or
inhibits the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms and is
used in the treatment of external or internal infections.

While some antibiotics are produced by microorganisms, most

are now manufactured synthetically

Synthetic drugs: Antimicrobials made in the lab

Semi Synthetic: synthetic or natural that is modified in the lab.

 Antimicrobial Drugs
Chemotherapy: Use of chemicals that do not
harm the host yet kills others.

Chemotherapeutic agent: substance that is

used in medicine.

Antimicrobial agents: Chemicals used to treat

diseases caused by microbes.
 Classification
Antibioticscanbeclassified in several ways. The
most common method classifies them according
to their action against the infecting organism.
> Some antibiotics attack the cell wall.
> some disrupt the cell membrane.
> the majority inhibit the synthesis of nucleic
acids and proteins, the polymers that make up
the bacterial cell.
 Types of Antibiotics:
Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of
chemical structure,
> Penicillin's,
> Cephalosporin's,
> Aminoglycosides,
>Tetracycline's,
> Macrolides,
>Sulfonamides.
 Types of Antibodies
Bactericidal: kill bacteria

Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of susceptible

bacteria, rather than killing them immediately;
will eventually lead to bacterial death
 How Antibiotics Work
Block protein formation

Inhibit cell wall formation

Interfere with DNA formatio0n

Prevent folic acid synthesis

 Antibiotics indications
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Meningitis(inflammationofthe meninges, the membranes that
surround the brain and spinal cord.
Osteomyelitis
Urinogenital Infections
Gall Infections
Skin Infections
Mucous Membrane Infections
Scarlet Fever
Diphtheria
 Antibiotics is limited
Theuseofantibiotics is limited because bacteria
have evolved defenses against certain antibiotics.
Alltheseformsofresistance are transmitted
genetically by the bacterium to its
progeny/offspring.
Theproblemofresistance has been
exacerbated/worse by the use of antibiotics as
prophylactics, intended to prevent infection
before it occurs.
 Antibiotics is limited
Inthe1970s,tuberculosis seemed to have been
nearly eradicated in the developed countries,
although it was still prevalent in developing
countries. Now its incidence is increasing, partly
due to resistance of the tubercle bacillus to
antibiotics.
 Side effects
Anumberofinfections, when contracted by a
pregnant woman, can endanger her unborn child.
One of these is rubella, or German measles, which
can lead to mental retardation and abnormalities in
sight and hearing in the newly born.
Predisposingfactorsfor food intolerance include
prescription drug or antibiotic use. Some individuals
may develop abdominal symptoms after several
years of taking tetracycline antibiotic for acne.
Others may develop the condition after taking
cortisone or the birth control pill. These cases of
 Side effects
Thrush (medicine), fungal infection
characterized by creamy-white, curd like patches
on the tongue and other mucosal surfaces of the
mouth. The disease is caused by an overgrowth
of Candida albicans, a species of yeast that
normally inhabits the mucous membranes as a
benign saprophyte.
Those most susceptible to thrush include adults
whose immune systems have been weakened by
antibiotics, steroids, or, most commonly,
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).