Chapter 4

Dynamic Fields
 Learning Objectives
Describe charge dissipation using the current continuity
equation.
Examine the wave equation used to describe wave
propagation.
Define Faradays Law, showing how a time-varying
magnetic field produces an electric field.
Define displacement current, showing how a time-varying
electric field produces a magnetic field.
Use Maxwells equations to demonstrate transverse
electromagnetic wave propagation.
Introduce phasor notation to concisely describe Maxwells
equations for time-harmonic fields.
 Current continuity and relaxation time

Q
I J dS
t
using divergence theorema
J dS (.J ) dv
Q
v dv
t t
Therefore the continuity equation :

.J v
t
 Wave fundamentals

General solution of wave equation:

E(z,t) = E0 e -z cos(t z + )ax.

For illustration, see next figure

Figure 4-2 (p. 172)
Plot of Ex versus time at z = 0 with 45 phase shift for the function
E(0,t) = Exax = E0cos(t + )ax.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-3 (p. 173)
Plot of Ex versus z in a lossless medium at t = 0 for the function
E(z, 0) = E0cos(z)ax.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-4 (p. 173)
Plot of Ex versus z at t = 0, with attenuation included, for the function
E(z, 0) = E0ezcos (z)ax.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-5 (p. 174)
Plot of Ex versus z at progressive times showing wave travel.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Faradays law and transformer emf
 (a) (b)

Figure 4-6a (p. 178)

An increasing magnetic field out of
the page induces a current in (a) or
an emf in (b). (c) The distributed
resistance in a continuous
conductive loop can be modeled as
lumped resistor Rdist in series with a
(c)
perfectly conductive loop.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-7 (p. 180)
A pair of loops in a B-field increasing with time.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-8 (p. 181)
Relationship between B and VR for Example 4.2.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-9 (p. 181)
A rectangular conductive loop moves with velocity u away from an infinite length
line of current.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-10 (p. 182)
Plot of induced current versus position for Drill 4.5.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Transformers
 (a)

Figure 4-11 (p. 183)

(a) A transformer. (b) Cross section of the core showing eddy currents. (c) Use of
multiple layers to reduce eddy current loss.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Faradays law dan motional emf
Figure 4-12 (p. 185)
Conductive bar moving along a pair of parallel conductive rails.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-13 (p. 186)
Conductive bar moving in the magnetic field in the absence of the conductive rails.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-14 (p. 187)
(a) Conductive bar moving in the field from a line of current. (b) A virtual loop is
added for calculating a Vemf.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-15 (p. 188)
Sliding bar on conductive rails for Drill 4.7.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 (a) (b)

Figure 4-16 (p. 189)

(a) An AC generator consisting of a loop rotating in the presence of a magnetic field.
(b) Cross section for determination of vector elements.
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-17 (p. 189)
AC signal generated in Drill 4.8.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
 (a) (b)

Figure 4-18a (p. 192)

Capacitor used to demonstrate displacement current.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Maxwells Equations
Figure 4-19 (p 194)
A plot of the equation E(z,0) = E0cos(z)ax at 10 MHz in free space with E0 = 1 V/m.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Table 4-1 (p. 193)
The Fundamental Electromagnetics Equations

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-20 (p. 195)
Plot of the equation H(z,0) = (E0)0) cos(z)ay at 10 MHz in free space with
E0 = 1 V/m along with the dashed plot of E(z,0).
Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth
Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Figure 4-21 (p. 200)
Time plot synchronized with polar plot.

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.
Table 4-2 (p. 203)
Differential Phasor Form of Maxwells Equations

Fundamentals of Electromagnetics With Engineering Applications by Stuart M. Wentworth

Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.