Continuity Equation &

Equation of Motion
Sanjay D Dalvi
Assistant Professor

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 Mass Balance

Rate of mass Rate of Rate of

=
accumulation mass in mass out

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 Equation of continuity

Auy|y+y

z
z+
|
z
u
y

A
x

Aux|x Aux|x+x

y
z z
Auy|y
z
|
z
u
A

x y
z
t


y z ux x x u y
z
y
x y uz z


y z ux x x


x z uy y y
x y uz z z

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 Equation of continuity
Divide the equation with volume xyz
( ux ) x ( ux ) x x ( u y ) y ( u y ) y y ( uz ) z ( uz ) z z

t x y z

Taking limit as these dimensions approach zero, we get

( ux ) ( u y ) ( uz )

t x y z
On simplification
ux u y uz
ux uy uz
t x y z x y z
Substantial derivative D
( u )
Dt

For incompressible fluid, = constant
x y z
u 0
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 Lecture 2

VISCOSITY AND EQUATION

OF MOTION

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Viscosity:
Viscosity is the property of fluid by virtue of which it offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over an
adjacent layer.
V
Moving
plate F
v dv
dy Y

y
Stationary
plate

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Experiment show that for large variety of fluids

From similar triangles theorem V/Y can be replaced by the velocity

gradient (dv/dy), which is the rate of angular deformation of fluid.

V
v dv
F
dy
Y
y

Where is the shear stress and is constant of proportionality. This

equation is called as Newtons equation of viscosity.

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 Equation of Motion
Assumptions:
1. Assuming x-component of
momentum is transported through
the surfaces.

2. Momentum flows into and out of the

volume element by two
mechanisms: by convection (bulk
flow) and by molecular transfer
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 Equation of Motion

yx |y+y

z
+
|z
zx

xx|x xx|x+x

y
z |z
zx

x yx|y

Rate of Rate of Rate of Sum of

momentum = momentum momentum + forces acting
accumulation in out on system

NOTE: zx is the flux of x-momentum through a face perpendicular to the z-axis

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 Equation of Motion

A] Convection:
1) Momentum in at x = ux ux | x y z
2) Momentum out at x+x = ux ux | x x y z
3) Momentum in at y = u y ux | y x z
4) Momentum out at y+y = u y ux | y y x z
5) Momentum in at z = uz ux |z y x
6) Momentum out at z+z = uz ux |z z y x

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 Equation of Motion

Net convection x-momentum flow into

the volume element is,

yz( ux ux | x ux ux | x x ) x z ( u y ux | y u y ux | y y )

xy( uz ux |z uz u x |z z ) ..(1)

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 Equation of Motion
B] Molecular Transport:

Sr. No. In Out

1 For x surface xx | x yz xx |x x yz

2 For y surface yx | y x z yx | y y xz

3 For z surface zx |z x y zx |z z x y

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 Equation of Motion
Net molecular momentum transfer

yz ( xx |x xx | x x ) xz ( yx | y yx | y y )

x y( zx |z zx |z z ) ..(2)

Here xx is normal stress on the x-face, and

yx the x-directed tangential (or shear )
stress on the y-face resulting from viscous
forces.
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 Equation of Motion
Two more forces are also acting on unit volume,
those are pressure (P) and the gravitational
force (g) per unit mass.
Resultant of these forces in x-direction
y z ( P | x P | x x ) g x x y z (3)

Divide equation (1), (2), and (3) by unit volume

xyz and take limit as dimensions approaches
to zero
From equation (1)
( ux ux ) ( u y ux ) ( uz ux )
.(4)
x y z

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 Equation of Motion
From equation (2)
..(5)
( xx ) ( yx ) ( zx )
x y z
From equation (3)
P
gx ..(6)
x
Put equation (4), (5), and (6) in momentum
balance equation.
( ux ux ) ( u y ux ) ( uz ux )
( ux )
t x y z
P
( xx ) ( yx ) ( zx ) g x .(7)
x y z x

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 Equation of Motion
Now lets take the term from equation (4)
( ux ux ) ( u y ux ) ( uz ux )

x y z
On simplification Continuity Equation
u x u x ux ( ux ) ( u y ) ( uz )
ux uy uz ux
x y z x y z
Using continuity equation,
u x u x ux
ux uy uz ux ..(8)
x y z t

Put (8) in (7)

u x u x u x u x
ux ux uy uz ux
t t x y z t
P
( xx ) ( yx ) ( zx ) gx
x y z x

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 Equation of Motion

u x u x u x u x
ux ux uy uz ux
t t x y z t
P
( xx ) ( yx ) ( zx ) gx
x y z x

Using substantial time derivative operator D/Dt,

Dux P
( xx ) ( yx ) ( zx ) gx (9)
Dt x y z x
In general
Du
P [ ] g (10)
Dt
Mass per unit Pressure Viscous Gravitational
volume times force on force on force on
acceleration element per element per element per unit
unit volume unit volume volume
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 Equation of Motion
For Newtonian incompressible fluids,
uz
u x zz 2
xx 2 z
x
ux u y u y uz
xy yx ; yz zy
y x z y
uz ux u y
xz zx yy 2
x z
y
Therefore equation (9) becomes,
Dux P ux ux u y ux uz
2 g x
Dt x x x y y x z z x
For constant density and constant viscosity,
Du
P 2 u g
Dt
Above equation is called Navier-Stokes equation Pronounce it like Nah-veh

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 Equation of Motion

If viscous force is not significant,

Du
P g
Dt

And equation (10) becomes,

[ ] 0

Above equation is called Euler equation

Pronounce it like Oiler

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 Equation of Motion

If acceleration is neglected,

0 P [ ] g

then equation (10) becomes,

Du
0
Dt

Above equation is called Stokes flow equation

equation

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 Thank You!

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