Chapter 6:

Hydraulic Turbo Machinery

Pelton Turbines
Dr. SALVADOR VARGAS DAZ
Departamento de Ingeniera Mecnica
Universidad Libre

Semestre 2017-I
 Pelton Turbine
Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine as there is no pressure drop
across the buckets. The flow is axial (tangential), i.e., there is no
change in peripheral velocity and water enters and leaves the
buckets at the same radius..
 Pelton Turbine
The Figure shows two jets for a single runner. The penstock is
bifurcated into two pipes
leading to two nozzles. The two jets are directed to the runner. All the
peripherals, deflector plate, spear are there as in single jet.
 Theory and Analysis Of Pelton Turbine
Pelton wheel installation is shown in Figure. The water supply is from a constant head
reservoir at an elevation H1 above the centre Iine of the jet.

A surge tank is installed to dump out any fluctuations of pressure in the penstock. At the
end of the penstock is the nozzle which converts head into velocity as jet.
Total head available from the reservoir
above nozzle is H1.
Head loss in pressure tunnel and
penstock due to friction = hf
Head loss in the nozzle = hn

Net head available for power generation

at exit of nozzle = H
H = H 1 h f - hn
where

where
I = length of penstock
v = Velocity in penstock
d = diameter of penstock
f = coeff. of friction
 Theory and Analysis Of Pelton Turbine
In practice the penstock is usually sized so that at rated power the net head is usually
85-95% of the total head. The net head is taken to calculate hydraulic efficiency of
turbine.
The jet strikes the bucket at the center and takes a tum of almost 1800 and leaves on
both sides of bucket as shown in Figure: (a) and (b).
 Theory and Analysis Of Pelton Turbine
The velocity of the jet is given by

The total energy transferred to the wheel is given by Euler's

Equation.

As the turbine is axial the tangential velocity is same at inlet and exit
 Theory and Analysis Of Pelton Turbine
The inlet and exit velocity diagrams are shown bellow

Bucket
friction coefficient
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
The equation shows that there is no energy transfer when the
bucket velocity u is either zero or equal to jet velocity V 1. It is
reasonable to expect therefore the maximum energy transfer will
occur at some intermediate velocity of the bucket velocity.

Thus differentiating E with respect to u and equating to zero for

maximum energy transfer
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Net head available H across the turbine is the difference in total
head between inlet flange (exit of penstock) and tail race water
level
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
There are mechanical losses and as a result shaft power is P.
There are transmission and generator losses and net electrical
power generated by generator PE.
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Working Proportions for Design of Pelton Wheel
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Working Proportions for Design of Pelton Wheel
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Working Proportions for Design of Pelton Wheel
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Working Proportions for Design of Pelton Wheel
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Working Proportions for Design of Pelton Wheel

9. Number of Jets (n): Pelton wlteels are single jet. When large power
is required the flow rate required also increases and then number of
jets required is also more than one jet. The jet should have sufficient
spacing so that jet strikes one bucket at a time. Ordinarily not more
than four jets are provided for horizontal turbine.
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Regulation of Pelton Wheel

Synchronous Velocity

 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Regulation of Pelton Wheel
As seen in Figure bellow for high load the spear valve has moved out,
then increasing the area of the jet, at low loads the spear has moved
in, decreasing the area of the jet. Deflector plate in normal position
and fully deflected jet are also seen in the figures.
 Theory and Analysis Pelton Turbine
Regulating System of Pelton Wheel Power Station
The speed change of
turbine is first sensed by
the governor. When the
speed increases fly balls of
governor fly apart and
when speed decreases they
come closer. The sleeve
moves up or down due to
change of speed. The
movement of the sleeve is
transmitted to relay which
moves the piston in the
cylinder. When downward
piston uncovers the port,
the oil pushes the piston in
the servo motor to the right
which pushes the spear to
move forward to affect the
area of the jet. After relay