Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Diseases
Gatot Sugiharto, MD, Internist
Internal Medicine Department
Faculty of Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma
University Surabaya
18 June 2001 16
Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Detection of anti-dengue immunoglobulin
(Ig) M or IgG antibody in a patient's blood
serum
Isolated from human blood after
mosquito inoculation, or from mosquito
cell cultures, by immunofluorescence
using serotype-specific monoclonal
antibodies (MAbs).
Detection of dengue virus by culture is
the definitive diagnostic test, but
18 June 2001 17
practical limitation its use
Clinical spectrum
There are actually four dengue clinical
syndromes:
1.Undifferentiated fever;
2.Classic dengue fever;
3.Dengue hemorrhagic fever, or DHF;
and
4.Dengue shock syndrome, or DSS.
Dengue shock syndrome is actually a
severe form of DHF.
Diagnostic criteria
Clinical Definition for Dengue Fever :
Acute febrile viral disease frequently
presenting with headaches, bone or joint
pain, muscular pains, rash, and leucopenia
Clinical Definition for Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever :
Fever, or recent history of acute fever
Hemorrhagic manifestations
Low platelet count (100,000/mm3 or less)
Objective evidence of leaky capillaries
elevated hematocrit (20% or more over
baseline)
low albumin
pleural or other effusions
Diagnostic criteria
Clinical Definition for Dengue Shock
Syndrome :
4 criteria for DHF + evidence of
circulatory failure manifested indirectly
by all of the following:
Rapid and weak pulse
Narrow pulse pressure (< 20 mm
Hg) OR
hypotension for age
Cold, clammy skin and altered
mental status
Frank shock is direct evidence of
Grade 1 Grades of DHF
Fever and nonspecific constitutional symptoms
Positive tourniquet test is only hemorrhagic
manifestation
Grade 2
Grade 1 manifestations + spontaneous
bleeding
Grade 3
Signs of circulatory failure (rapid/weak pulse,
narrow pulse pressure, hypotension,
cold/clammy skin)
Grade 4
Profound shock (undetectable pulse and BP)
Grades of DHF
Hemorrhagic Manifestations of Dengue
Skin hemorrhages: petechiae,
purpura, ecchymoses
Gingival bleeding
Nasal bleeding
Gastrointestinal bleeding:
Hematemesis, melena, hematochezia
Hematuria
Increased menstrual flow
Red flag in DHF
Danger Signs in Dengue Hemorrhagic
Fever ;
Abdominal pain - intense and sustained
Persistent vomiting
Abrupt change from fever to hypothermia,
with sweating and prostration
Restlessness or somnolence
Abstain
Be faithful
Use a Condom
Lack of resources
Gender inequality
Types of HIV Tests
Healthcare providers can test a sample of blood to
see if it contains human antibodies (disease-fighting
proteins) specific to HIV. The two key types of HIV
antibody tests are the enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Western blot.
However, these antibody tests may not detect HIV
antibodies in someone who has been recently
infected with HIV (within one to three months of
infection). In these situations, healthcare providers
can test the blood for the presence of HIV genetic
material. This test is extremely critical for
identifying recently infected individuals who are at
risk for unknowingly infecting others with HIV.
Voluntary Counselling and Testing
(VCT)
Why should I get tested?
How does the test work?
Where to get tested?
Voluntary testing vs. Mandatory testing
Confidential testing and Anonymous
testing
Home sampling and testing
Treatment
Antiretroviral drugs (ARVs)
Are not a cure
Slow down the process of replication of HIV in the
human body
Prevent mother-to-child-transmission
During pregnancy and delivery
Safer infant feeding
Living positively
Adopt a healthy diet
Exercise regularly
Avoid alcohol and tobacco, or certainly minimize their
consumption
Reduce stress
Avoid all forms of infection (when possible) because
they may compromise your health and further weaken
ones immune system
Treatment of HIV Infection
22-58
Post Exposure Treatment of Healthcare
Workers, continued
HIV testing immediately, 6 weeks, 6
months and 12 months
Treatment, if started, should continue for
4 weeks. Any or all drugs may be
declined by exposed worker.
For lesser exposures, prophylaxis is not
recommended.
22-59
Prevention
Currently, there isno vaccine to prevent HIV
infection nor is there acure for HIV/AIDS. To
reduce risk of becoming infected with HIV or
transmitting the virus to others:
Consistent use of male latex condoms can help
protect against HIV infection.
Get tested regularly for HIV
Practice abstinence
Remain faithful to your spouse or partner
Consistently use male latex or female
polyurethane condoms
Do not share needles