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Lecture-17

The Secondary Memory

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Optical Storage
Optical storage is a term from engineering
referring to the storage of data on an optically
readable medium. Data is recorded by making
marks in a pattern that can be read back with
the aid of light. A common modern technique
used by computers involves a tiny beam of
laser light precisely focused on a spinning disc.
Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)
Digital Versatile Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-
ROM)

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Optical Storage

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How Optical storage Work?

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CD
A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an optical
disc used to store digital data, originally developed
for storing digital audio.
The CD, available on the market since late 1982,
remains the standard playback medium for
commercial audio recordings to the present day.
Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 mm and can
hold up to 80 minutes of audio.
There is also the Mini CD, with diameters ranging
from 60 to 80 mm; they can store up to 24 minutes
of audio.

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Advantages of CD-ROM
Data cannot be erased from CD-ROMs.
CD-ROMs are small and portable.
Very cheap to produce.
CD-ROMs have a much larger storage capacity
than floppy disks.
Will usually work in a DVD drive.

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Disadvantages of CD-ROM
Fairly fragile - easy to break or scratch
Smaller storage capacity than a hard disk
Slower to access than the hard disk

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CD-R
These disks are blank but have been designed
to be written onto once only.
The 'cd-writer' drive uses a laser to burn tiny
pits onto the spinning surface of the CD-R
media.
Once the pit is burnt it cannot be erased.

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CD-RW
'CD Read-Write'.
This technology allows the same area of the
disk to be over-written many times (about a
1000 times).
There are two problems with the CD-RW disks
unlike CD-R some drives have a problem reading
CD-RW disks that have been burnt by other
manufacturers' drives.
CD-R disks and now so cheap that it is less
hassle to simply use a blank disk!.

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DVD
DVD (also known as "Digital Versatile Disc"
or "Digital Video Disc") is a popular optical
disc storage media format.
Its main uses are video and data storage.
Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as
compact discs (CDs) but store more than six
times as much data.

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Advantages of DVD
Very large storage capacity
Sound and picture quality is excellent which
makes them suitable for video and sound
Increasing availability
Price is dropping for both DVDs and DVD
drives.
DVD players can read CD-ROMs.

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Disadvantages of DVD
Expensive compared to CD-ROMS.
DVDs do not work in CD ROM drives.

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Flash Memory Stick
Flash is a 'solid state' memory
i.e it has no moving parts unlike
magnetic storage devices, nor
does it make use of lasers -
unlike optical drives.
It works in a similar way to RAM.
The key difference is that data is
retained in Flash memory even
when the power is switched off.
They are now fairly inexpensive.

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Advantages of Flash Memory Stick
More compact shape.
Operate faster.
Hold much more data.
Have a more durable design.
Operate more reliably due to their lack of moving parts.
Now a days computers are sold without floppy disk
drives.
USB ports appear on almost every current mainstream
PC and laptop.
USB drives can also operate faster than an optical disc
drive, while storing a larger amount of data in a much
smaller space.

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Comparisons of Various Secondary Storage
Device

300 GB to 1 TB

1 GB to 128 GB

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Comparison of Primary & Secondary
Memory

Characteristics Primary Secondary


Location with Directly accessible Indirectly
respect to the accessible
cpu
Cost More expensive Less expensive

Capacity Lower than Several thousand


secondary memory times higher than
main memory
Means of storing Semiconductor Magnetic and
information chips Optical

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