ENGLISH LECTURE PRESENTATION

GROUP 10:
AV I S A U L I M A
R I K A I R M A YA N T I
K I N A N T YA P U T R I R I D E L F I
B AY U RAG I L PA N G E S T U
ISWARA SARDI
THUMB SUCKING
AND
PACIFIER USE
THUMBSUCKING AND PACIFIER USE
Thumbsuckingis a natural reflex for children. Sucking on
thumbs, fingers, pacifiers or other objects may make babies
feel secure and happy and help them learn about their
world.

Young children may also suck to soothe themselves and help

them fall asleep.
HOW CAN THUMBSUCKING AFFECT CHILDRENS TEETH?

After permanent teeth come in, sucking may cause problems

with the proper growth of the mouth and alignment of the
teeth. It can also cause changes in the roof of the mouth.
Pacifiers can affect the teeth essentially the same ways as
sucking fingers and thumbs, but it is often an easier habit to
break.
The intensity of the sucking is a factor that determines
whether or not dental problems may result. If children rest
their thumbs passively in their mouths, they are less likely
to have difficulty than those who vigorously suck their
thumbs. Some aggressive thumbsuckers maydevelop
problems with their baby (primary) teeth.
WHEN DO CHILDREN STOP SUCKING THEIR THUMBS?

Children usually stop sucking between the ages of two and four
years old, or by the time the permanent front teeth are ready
to erupt. If you notice changes in your childs primary teeth, or
are concerned about your childs thumbsucking consult your
dentist.
HOW CAN I HELP CHILDREN STOP THUMBSUCKING?

Praise the child for not sucking.

Children often suck their thumbs when
feeling insecure or needing comfort.
Focus on correcting the cause of the
anxiety and provide comfort to your
child.
For an older child, involve him or her in
choosing the method of stopping.
Your dentist can offer encouragement to
your child and explain what could
happen to their teeth if they do not
stop sucking.
If these tips dont work, remind the child
of their habit by bandaging the thumb
GERUNDS & INFINITIVE
 S
DNG
N I
U +
R
E RBS
GE
V
GERUNDS CAN BE USED IN THE
FOLLOWING CASES
AS THE SUBJECT OF A SENTENCE

Smoking in bad for your

health.
We all enjoy eating out.
AS AN OBJECT OF CERTAIN VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS.

That car isnt worth buying.

AFTER PREPOSITIONS

He is interested in
collecting stamps.
Im tired of waiting for
him.
 GERUNDS

Gerunds are formed with ING:

walking, talking, thinking, listening
A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing."
The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a
gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a
sentence.
 EXAMPLES

Reading helps you learn English.

subject of sentence
Her favorite hobby is reading.
noun
I enjoy reading.
object of sentence
LIST OF VERBS
FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_list.htm
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS

avoid
deny practice
dislike remember
enjoy risk
finish stop
keep suggest
miss
GERUNDS ARE USED AFTER
PREPOSITIONS.
Most commonly, these are "verb + preposition + V-ing.

He cant talk about her without crying.

Thanks for helping me.
Lets thing about moving to Kfar Saba.
She prefers driving to taking the bus.
A GERUND IS USED AFTER THESE PROPOSITIONS

in from
without by
for after
of before
on about
against at
to
A GERUND IS USED AFTER THESE COMMON EXPRESSIONS

Be used to Give up
Cant help Its no use
Cant stand Its (not)
worthwhile
End up
Keep on
Feel like
Look forward
Get used to to
Not mind
EXAMPLES
My sister and I are used to staying alone at night.
We are looking forward to having you stay for the summer.
I dont feel like staying. Lets go out.
Harry cant stand arguing with his parents all the time.
 G
IN
R
O
V E
TI
NI
F I
I N R M
FO

EOI
Sometimes we need to decide whether
to use a verb in its:
-ing form (doing, singing)

or

infinitive form (to do, to sing).

For instance, only one of the following

sentences is correct. Which one?
Ive just decided buying a new car. (?)
Ive just decided to buy a new car. (?)
 WHEN TO USE THE INFINITIVE

The infinitive form is used after certain verbs:

- forget, help, learn, teach, train

- choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like
- agree, encourage, pretend, promise, recommend
- allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse

I agreed to go with her.

He decided to leave the party early.
Why are they encouraged to learn English?
We can't afford to take a long holiday.

! For the negative form we use not before the infinitive:

I agreed not to go with her.
The infinitive form is always used after
adjectives, for example:
- disappointed, glad, happy, pleased,
relieved, sad, surprised
I was happy to help them.

This includes too + adjective:

The water was too cold to swim in.

The infinitive form is used after

adjective + enough:
She is rich enough to buy two.
 WHEN TO USE -ING

The -ing form is used when the word is

the subject of a sentence or clause:
Swimming is good exercise.
Doctors say that smoking is bad for
you.

The -ing form is used after a

preposition:
I look forward to meeting you.
They left without saying
"Goodbye."
The -ing form is used after certain verbs:
- avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up,
mind/not mind, practise, deny, postpone,
fancy, admit, miss, involve, imagine

I dislike getting up early.

Would you mind opening the window?

! For the negative form we use not before the gerund:

Would you mind not opening the window? Its cold outside.
GERUND AND INFINITIVE
Some verbs can be followed by the -ing form or the infinitive
without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate,
intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start.

It started to rain / It started raining.

I like to play tennis / I like playing tennis.
THANK YOU