Ethernet Basics

Schutzvermerk nach DIN 34 beachten
Ethernet Basics
Ethernet
The diagram .. was drawn by Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe in 1976 to present Ethernet to the National Computer
Conference in June of that year.
Topics
History, Standards, Terminology

Transmission media
Topologies
Protocol
Access methods, Collision management
What is Ethernet ?
Ethernet is a certain type of a local area network (LAN)

which was developed in 1972 in the renowned PARC-
research facility of Xerox in Palo Alto by Robert Metcalfe.
In the meantime the companies Intel, DEC and Xerox
have specified a common standard that has been
established in the IEEE-standard 802.3.
History
1969 student Robert Metcalfe (founder of 3Com in

1979) develops a Host Interface Controller for
DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency) in the company DEC.
1970 the ALOHA-Net (multiple access protocol) is
developed and tested at the university of Hawaii
1972 the idea is picked up by the XEROX Palo Alto
Research Center (Metcalfe works there by then).
The project goal is: experimental Ethernet
History
1976 the results of the project are published. The

companies DEC, Intel and Xerox join in the
company DIX and complete Ethernet to the market
entry stage.
1980 Ethernet version 1.0 is passed.
1981 IEEE starts standardization efforts. The Ethernet
specification is accepted without major
modifications.
1982 Publication of Ethernet version 2.0
1985 worldwide recognition of the Ethernet standard as

ISO/DIS 8802/3
History
1986 Publication of the 10Base2- and

10BroadT standards
1987 Standardization of the 10BaseT
spezification
1991 Publication of the 10BaseF standard
1994 more than 10.000 suppliers support the
Ethernet globally
1995 Standardization of the 100 Mbit/s Ethernet
1997 Standardization efforts for the Gigabit
Ethernet and presentation of first products

prior to the completion of the standard
Ethernet TCP/IP
LAYER 7
Modbus etc.
TCP- TCP-DATA
Header
TCP-frame
IP- IP-DATA
Header
IP-frame
Ethernet- Ethernet-DATA FCS

Header
Ethernet-
frame
Access method: CSMA/CD
New attempt Waiting according
Station is ready to to back-off algorithm
send
Medium
check occupied
Ether
medium
available
Discovered
Sending of data and collision send

checking the Ether jam signal
No collision
Back-Off Algorithm
If a collision has occurred, the stations try to send

again after a certain period of time.
After the first collision there a two different back-off
times available, from which one is chosen at random.
Transmission probability is 50%
After the second consecutive collision there are four
different back-off times available, from which one is
chosen at random.
The transmission probability now is 75%
Truncated Binary Exponential Back-Off-Algorithm
Nuber of back-off times to be selected at random
1 2 50%
2 4 75%
3 8 87,5%
4 16 93,75%
5 ... 32 96,88%
6 ...... 64 98,44
7 ......... 128 99,22%
8 ............ 256 99,61%
9 ............... 512 99,80%
10 ............... 1024 99,90%
11 ............... 1024 99,90%
...............
12 1024 99,90%
13 ............... 1024 99,90%
14 ............... 1024 99,90%
15 ............... 1024 99,90%
16 ............... 1024 99,90%
Which waiting times are used ?
The 0...1024 fold of the double max. signal travel time

between the most remote stations + Offset is used
With 10 Mbit/s Ethernet that means:
25.6s
Station 1 25.6s Station 2
51.2s
The waiting time is also called collision window, the

offset (9.6s) is called gap.
Only after the time of the collision window has passed,

you can be certain that there will be no more collision.
Example
After the first collision the stations willing to send

select a random waiting time of either 9.6s or 9.6s
plus 51.2s (duration of the collision window).
Condition: Only two stations are involved, no new
stations enter the scene in the collision management
phase.
Waiting time(A) waiting time(B) transmission

9.6s 9.6s NO
9.6s 9.6s+51.2s YES
9.6s+51.2s 9.6s YES

9.6s+51.2s 9.6s+51.2s NO
Delay depending on the network load
high High Beginning Overload

throughput problems
delay
low
10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 %
Network load
Ethernet address
Also called "MAC address"

Globally unique ID for each device
Burnt into ROM, cannot be modified
Six Bytes in which manufacturer, device model and serial
number are coded
Readable with many auxiliary tools e.g. WINIPCFG
Ethernet frame
Ethernet II DIX Frame:
Preamble DA SA Type Data Pad FCS
8 6 6 2 >=46 4
IEEE 802.3 Frame:
Preamble SFD DA SA LEN Data Pad FCS

7 1 6 6 2 >=46 4
Ethernet frame
Preamble
Trailer consisting of the bit sequence 0101010101... serving the bit
synchronization of the receiver.
SFD (Start Frame Delimiter)
Start character consisting of the bit pattern 10101011 showing the
recipient that the actual information will follow now.
DA (Destination Address)
Evaluated by the recipients address filter; only data frames destined for
this recipient will be passed on to the communication software.
SA (Source Address)
Senders address
LEN (Length)
Indicates the length of the subsequent data field in Bytes according to
IEEE 802.3.
Ethernet frame
Data and Pad

The data field may contain 46 to 1500 user data bytes. Are there less than
46 bytes the Ethernet controller independently adds padding bytes, until the
total amount (data + pad) is 46. This miminum length is crucial for the
CSMA/CD procedure to work faultlessly. The data field can be used at will, it
only has to contain complete bytes.
FCS (Frame Check Sequence)
A check character. It is obtained by taking the rest of the division operation
from the formula representing the wide-spread cyclic- redundancy-check
procedure. This formula is applied to the bit sequence including the address
field through to the padding field. In case of en error the whole frame is
ignored, i.e. not passed on to the application program.

Ethernet Address
WIN-NT: ipconfig /all

Naming of the cable types
Example: 10base5
10 Transmission rate in Mbytes/s
base Base or Broadband
5Segment length in 100 meters
UTP unshielded twisted pair
STP shielded twisted pair
S/STP screened shielded twisted pair
Ethernet topologies
Ethernet Media
Extension
The maximum extension depends on the medium and

the transmission rate; here some examples:
10base5 Segment: 500m

Total: 2500m (with 4 repeaters)
100baseTX UTP Hub-Station: 100m
100baseFX Hub-Station: 400m

25km (with Mono mode fibre)
1000baseSX Hub-Station: 550m

Repeater / Hub
Repeater
Hub
A
Bridge
B
Bridge
C
F
D
Switch = Multiport Bridge
Bridge
Switch
Hub - Switch
A
A
H
B H B
G Hub C G Switch C
F D D
E F E
Time
A
H
B
G Hub C
F D
E
Characteristics of the switches
Cut-Trough Switch
noc cheking of the data frames
Store-and-Forward
checking of the data frames
Frames with same destination
kept in internal short term memory thus queueing them
discard them or create collision
Broadcast messages
go to all stations anyway (z.B. ARP) so switches are of
no advantage here
there are specific approaches of different switch
manufacturers to reduce broadcast data traffic
Typical office wiring
Network socket
Patch field
Patch cable
Hub/Switch
normal Cat 5 cable

Patch field
RJ 45
Hub/Switch
www
http://www.gigabit-ethernet.org
http://wwwhost.ots.utexas.edu/ethernet/
http://www.3com.com/technology/tech_net/white_papers/index.html#ethernet
http://www.iaopennetworking.com/

Ethernet Basics

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Schutzvermerk nach DIN 34 beachten

History, Standards, Terminology

Ethernet is a certain type of a local area network (LAN)

1969 student Robert Metcalfe (founder of 3Com in

1976 the results of the project are published. The

1985 worldwide recognition of the Ethernet standard as

1986 Publication of the 10Base2- and

Ethernet and presentation of first products

Ethernet- Ethernet-DATA FCS

Sending of data and collision send

If a collision has occurred, the stations try to send

The 0...1024 fold of the double max. signal travel time

The waiting time is also called collision window, the

Only after the time of the collision window has passed,

After the first collision the stations willing to send

Waiting time(A) waiting time(B) transmission

9.6s+51.2s 9.6s YES

high High Beginning Overload

Also called "MAC address"

Preamble DA SA Type Data Pad FCS

IEEE 802.3 Frame:

Preamble SFD DA SA LEN Data Pad FCS

Data and Pad

ignored, i.e. not passed on to the application program.

WIN-NT: ipconfig /all

The maximum extension depends on the medium and

10base5 Segment: 500m

100baseTX UTP Hub-Station: 100m

100baseFX Hub-Station: 400m

1000baseSX Hub-Station: 550m

normal Cat 5 cable

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