LECTURE WEEK 5

Objectives
Understand why computers use binary
(Base-2) numbering.
Understand how to convert Base-2 numbers
to Base-10 or Base-8.
Understand how to convert Base-8 numbers
to Base-10 or Base 2.
Understand how to convert Base-16
numbers to Base-10, Base 2 or Base-8.
 Objectives
Understand why computers use binary
(Base-2) numbering.
Understand how to convert Base-2 numbers
to Base-10 or Base-8.
Understand how to convert Base-8 numbers
to Base-10 or Base 2.
Understand how to convert Base-16
numbers to Base-10, Base 2 or Base-8.

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 Why Binary System?
Computers are made of a series of
switches
Each switch has two states: ON or
OFF
Each state can be represented by a
number 1 for ON and 0 for OFF

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Converting Base-2 to Base-
10
(1 0 0 1 1)

OFF

OFF
ON/OFF
ON

ON

ON
2
Exponent: 24 23 22 21 20

Calculatio
n:
16 0 0 2 1
+ + + + =

(19)10
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 Number systems include decimal, binary,
octal and hexadecimal
Each system have four number base

Number System Base Symbol

Binary Base 2 B
Octal Base 8 O
Decimal Base 10 D
Hexadecimal Base 16 H

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 1.1 Decimal Number
System
The Decimal Number System uses base 10. It
includes the digits {0, 1,2,, 9}. The
weighted values for each position are:
Base

10^4 10^3 10^2 10^1 10^0 10^-1 10^-2 10^-3

10000 1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001

left of the decimal point Right of decimal poin

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 Each digit appearing to the left of the decimal
point represents a value between zero and nine
times power of ten represented by its position in
the number.
Digits appearing to the right of the decimal point
represent a value between zero and nine times an
increasing negative power of ten.
Example: the value 725.194 is represented in
expansion form as follows:
7 * 10^2 + 2 * 10^1 + 5 * 10^0 + 1 * 10^-1 + 9 *
10^-2 + 4 * 10^-3
=7 * 100 + 2 * 10 + 5 * 1 + 1 * 0.1 + 9 * 0.01 + 4 *
0.001
=700 + 20 + 5 + 0.1 + 0.09 + 0.004
=725.194
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 1.2 The Binary Number

Base Systems
Most modern computer system using binary logic. The
computer represents values(0,1) using two voltage levels
(usually 0V for logic 0 and either +3.3 V or +5V for logic
1).
The Binary Number System uses base 2 includes only the
digits 0 and 1
The weighted values for each position are :
Base

2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 2^-1 2^-2

32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25
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 1.3 Number Base
Conversion
Binary to Decimal: multiply each digit by its
weighted position, and add each of the weighted
values together or use expansion formdirectly.
Example the binary value 1100 1010 represents :
1*2^7 + 1*2^6 + 0*2^5 + 0*2^4 +
1*2^3 + 0*2^2 + 1*2^1 + 0*2^0 =
1 * 128 + 1 * 64 + 0 * 32 + 0 * 16 + 1 *
8+0*4+1*2+0*1=
128 + 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 =202

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 Decimal to Binary
There are two methods, that may be used to convert
from integer number in decimal form to binaryform:
1-Repeated Division By 2
For this method, divide the decimal number by 2,
If the remainder is 0, on the right side write down a 0.
If the remainder is 1, write down a 1.
When performing the division, the remainders which
will represent the binary equivalent of the decimal
number are written beginning at the least significant
digit (right) and each new digit is written to more
significant digit (the left) of the previous digit.
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 Example: convert the number 333 to binary.
Division Quotient Remainder Binary
333/2 166 1 1
166/2 83 0 01
83/2 41 1 101
41/2 20 1 1101
20/2 10 0 01101
10/2 5 0 001101
5/2 2 1 1001101
2/2 1 0 01001101
1/2 0 1 101001101
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 Octal System
Computer scientists are often looking
for shortcuts to do things
One of the ways in which we can
represent binary numbers is to use
their octal equivalents instead
This is especially helpful when we
have to do fairly complicated tasks
using numbers

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 The octal numbering system includes
eight base digits (0-7)
After 7, the next placeholder to the right
begins with a 1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 ...

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Octal Placeholders
Number: 2 4 1
Sixty-
Fours

Eight

One
s

s
Placeholder
Name:

Value: 64*2 8*4 1*1

Exponential 2
Expression: 8 *2 81*4 80*1

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Transform (44978)10 to Octal
Division Quotient Remainder Binary
.
44978 / 8 5622 2 2
5622 / 8 702 6 62
702/8 87 6 662
87/8 10 7 7662
10/8 1 2 27662
1/8 0 1 127662

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THE END

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