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CD4=153/mmc
VL>10000000c/ml
Ct cranian normal
Rx pulmonar: desen alv.interstitial
accentuat
leucopenie
CD4=61/mmc VL=350,000c/ml
IgM/IgG toxo neg, IgG CMV+, lues
neg,
AgHBs neg, AcVHC+
14.04.2014
Proceduri dg?
dezorientare, obnubilare,
tulb memorie+vorbire RX pulm
tuse seac ~o lun
subfebriliti
Rx pulmonar: desen alv.interstiial febr intermitent (39)
accentuat transpiraii
CD4=61
VL 350,000c/ml PunciaII 38 elem
glu=19 prot=120
lact=29
80 elem: 35% Ne, 65% Lf Ag crypto neg culturi
glu=30 prot=70 lact=24 neg
Ag crypto+ PCR MTB+
ARN HIV=700,000 c/ml
14.04.2014
TMP/Sulfa 28.04.2014
HRZE+B6+Folat+Dexa+Manitol
Fluco 800, apoi Fluco+AMB
IP/r+AZT/3TC EFV+TDF/FTC
41 ani, profesoar,
04.2014: simpt
psihiatric,
Infectie HIV C3
Infectie HIV C3
Meningoencef TB
Meningoencefalit criptococic Meningoencef
Encefalopatie HIV (?) criptococic
Pneumocistoz (?) Encefalopatie HIV
Hepatit cronic C Hepatita cronica C
dezorientare, obnubilare,
tulb memorie+vorbire RX pulm
tuse seac ~o lun
subfebriliti
Rx pulmonar: desen alv.interstiial febr intermitent (39)
accentuat transpiraii
CD4=61
VL 350,000c/ml PunciaII 38 elem
glu=19 prot=120
lact=29
80 elem: 35% Ne, 65% Lf Ag crypto neg culturi
glu=30 prot=70 lact=24 neg
Ag crypto+ PCR MTB+
ARN HIV=700,000 c/ml
14.04.2014
TMP/Sulfa 28.04.2014
HRZE+B6+Folat+Dexa+Manitol
Fluco 800, apoi Fluco+AMB
IP/r+AZT/3TC EFV+TDF/FTC
Infecia HIV/SIDA
A B A,B
B A/AE
C
B
A,C
B G F
A/E
C
A D C C
O C A/E
B,F C, E J A
Adult prevalence rate G, H,F OA/C/D
15.0% 36.0% B, F C
5.0% 15.0%
1.0% 5.0% B C B
0.5% 1.0%
0.1% 0.5%
0.0% 0.1%
not available
Romania
Piecing together the history of the
HIV epidemic in Romania
F1
Thomson and Najera, JID, 2007; Stanojevic et al. AIDS Rev 2011;
www.cnlas.ro
Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1
subtype F1 isolates
F= <1% HIV infections worldwide: Africa &
South America
Romanian F1
subtype:
closely related to Angolan
subtype
distantly related to S America
F1
F1 origin: Congo
(DRC),
around the late
1950s Guimaraes & al Retrovirology 2009
December 2015 Romania
www.cnlas.ro
HIV transmission in children
and adults (cumulative total
1985-mid2013)
Children Adults
7000 7000
6000 6000
5000 5000
4000 4000
3000 3000
2000 2000
1000 1000
0 0
www.cnlas.ro
Age distribution of PLWH
0% 2% 2%
10%
40%
46%
1987-1990
www.cnlas.ro
cohort
1987-1990 cohort
The largest 26-29 year-old cohort in
Europe
Represents ~ half of Romanian HIV+ve
population
Sex-ratio 1:1
F1 subtype almost 100 %
Long-term survivors (~6000 survivors)
multiple ART regimens (10-15!)
salvage tx
ARV toxicities
therapeutic exhaustion
candidiasis
HIV-E
PML
CMV disease
criptosporidiosis
toxoplasmosis
cryptococcosis
TB
PJP
recurrent pneumonia
recurrent sepsis
Kaposi
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
www.cnlas.ro
Changes in HIV transmission route
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
Unknown
50%
Heterosexual
40%
IVDU
30%
MSM
20%
Vertical
10%
0%
www.cnlas.ro
HIV in IVDUa new epidemic?
800
700 Change in drug use
600 2009 97% heroin
500
400 2010 1/3 amphetamine-type
300 stimulants
200
100
0
More frequent injections
More likely to share needles
access to sterile needles
HIV cases in IVDU
Total number of new HIV cases
In total HIV
Romanian
population, F1 ~
91% (2003-2011)
In the IVDU
Romanian
subgroup: F1
(65%)
CRF14_BG: emerged in Portugal first isolation: Spain (1990) spreads to
and appears
Prof.Dr.Adrian the rest of Europe
Streinu-Cercel,
prezentare EACS Brussel (migration of IVDUs) Niculescu & al ECCMID 2013
CRF14_BG
HIV-1 F1 and CRF14_BG tropism in
IVDUs
CXCR4
tropism
CCR5 tropism
100% CRF14_BG:
90% large preponderance
80% of CXCR4 tropism
70% correlated w ith
60% m ore r apid
50% disease
40% prog ression
30%
20% No major
10% resistance
0% mutations were
F1 CRF14_BG detected in the
IVDU studied
samples
therapeutic exhaustion
New cases:
Late or very-late presenters: heterosexuals, F1
Very-early presenters: MSM&IVDU (primary HIV
infection!):
MSM: highly educated pro-active self-screening
IVDU: socially registered screened by medical
staff
Multi-resistance:
non-adherence for IVDU
therapeutic exhaustion and
multiple tx regimens for 1987-1990 cohort
Infecia celulei dendritice (24h) ggl limfatic locoreg (48h) snge (5 zile)
Cohen et al. Acute HIV-1 Infection. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 19;364(20):1943-54
Rezervor Compartiment - Sanctuar
Eisele E,Siliciano R. Redefining the Viral Reservoirs that Prevent HIV-1 Eradication. Immunity 37,
September 21, 2012 2012 Elsevier 377-388.
Celule int
limfocite CD4, monocite, macrofage (rol de rezervor i
modalitate de diseminare a virusului n organism)
Rezervoare celulare i extracelulare
HIV-1 gp120
Envelope
Glycoprotein
CD4
CCR5
T-Cell Surface
40
Cuplarea subunitilor gp120 ale HIV-1
(glicoproteine de nveli) la CD4
HIV-1
gp41
gp120
CD4
CCR5
T-Cell Surface
41
Interactiunea cu receptorul si
co-receptorii celulei
Ataare Legare de coreceptor Fuziune
gp41
gp41
gp120
gp120
gp41
V3 loop
Co-receptor Co-receptor
CD4 CD4
+ + +
CD4 T-cell surface CD4 T-cell surface CD4 T-cell surface
HIV interaciune la nivel celular
Pentru a ptrunde n celule, HIV utilizeaz interaciunea dintre
gp120 cu receptorul celular CD4 i un receptor de chemokin CCR5
mecanism valabil pt. variantele cu tropism macrofagic care
nu sunt formatoare de sinciii (M-tropism)
=> absena receptorului CCR5 asociat cu rezisten la
transmiterea HIV pe cale sexual
Variantele fr tropism macrofagic (T-tropism) = inductoare de
sinciii folosesc un coreceptor pentru chemokina CXCR4
Mutatia Delta32
= mutatie la nivelul genelor CCR5 apare o protein CCR5
malformat, care nu funcioneaz drept co-receptor HIV.
10%-20% din populaia caucaziana este heterozigot pentru
delta32 rezisten parial fa de infecia cu HIV
1% din populaie este homozigot pentru CCR5 delta32
rezisten fa de infecia cu HIV
Replicarea HIV
Evoluia infeciei cu HIV
Ci de transmitere:
snge: transfuzii i derivai de snge cu excepia
albuminei i imunoglobulinelor, material contaminat cu
snge (droguri, riscul personalului medical <1%/20-40%
pt VHB),
sexual: hetero/homosexual,
perinatal (n cursul sarcinii transplacentar/al naterii, risc
15-40% + prin lapte)
Istoria natural a infeciei cu HIV.
Aspecte clinice
Primoinfecia:
Simptomatica la 50-70% din pacieni, la 2-4 sptmni
de la infecie
Faza de infecie cronic:
Limfadenopatie generalizat persistent
Forme minore ale infeciei cu HIV
SIDA
Primoinfecia - cronologie
Istoria natural a infeciei cu HIV-
1
1200
Infecie
primar Decese
Infecii
Nr. CD4+ (cel/mm3)
oportunistice
800 1:512
Laten clinic 1:256
600 1:128
)
)
1:64
Simptome
400 constituionale 1:32
1:16
(
(
200 1.8
1.4
0 1.2
0 3 6 9 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sptmni Ani
Clasificare
ncadrarea clinico-imunologic CDC Atlanta
Nivelul CD4 A B C
Asimptomatic Simptomatic Simptomatic
+primoinfectie (NU A sau C) SIDA
simptomatica
200-499cel/mmc A2 B2 C2
<200 cel/mmc A3 B3 C3
Categoria A
Limfadenopatie generalizat
persistent,
Primoinfecie simptomatic
Categoria B
Angiomatoza bacilar,
Candidoza orofaringian,
Candidoza vaginal persistent frecvent sau care
rspunde prost la tratament
Displazie de col, carcinom in situ,
Sindrom general (febr, diaree peste 1 lun),
Leucoplazie proas a limbii,
Zoster recurent sau afectnd mai mult de un dermatom,
Purpur trombopenic idiopatic,
Salpingita, mai ales complicat cu abces
tubo-ovarian,
Neuropatie periferic.
Forme minore ale infeciei cu HIV
Cutanate/mucoase nespecifice:
dermita seboreic (cea mai frecvent)
candidoza bucal/genital
leucoplazia proas a limbii
condiloame
zoster
prurigo
foliculita
veruci
Caracteristic: recderi frecvente sau evoluie ctre cronicizare
Simptome generale:
alterarea strii generale,
febr peste 1 lun,
transpiraii nocturne,
G cu >10% din G iniial.
Dermatita seboreica
Candidoza orala
Leucoplazie paroasa a limbii (EBV)
Limba proas (candidoza)
Condiloame multiple
Angiomatoza bacilara
(Bartonella henselae)
Herpes zoster
Herpes simplex
Cronologia infeciilor oportuniste n funcie
de deficitul imunitar
CD4 /mm3
Infecioas:
pneumonia cu Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP)
micobacterii atipice/tuberculosis,
pneumonie bacterian recurenial
CMV
Histoplasma
Criptococica
Nocardia
Neinfecioas:
pneumonia interstiial limfoid cronic,
sarcom Kaposi
Limfoame
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Localizari extrapulmonare:
endotoracic (bronsice gg, pleurale,
pericardice), viscerale (medulare,
hepatosplenice, cutanate)-rar
Atipice (CD4<50/mmc)
Majoritatea MAC (Mycobacterium avium
complex)
Localizari pulmonare mai rare
Frecvent: afectare multiviscerala,
maduva, ficat, splina, gg, tub digestiv,
creier, piele
Semne generale: febra, transpiratii
scadere ponderala
Bacteriemii evidentiabile prin
hemoculturi, anemie, leucopenie
HIV-SIDA afectare neurologica
Infecioas: germeni oportuniti/HIV per se
Tumori
Sindroame
Encefalita: CMV, encefalopatie HIV, Polyomavirus JC (LEMP),
MTB
Meningita: Cryptococcus neoformans, MTB
Afectarea cerebral n focar:
toxoplasmoza
tuberculoza
limfom cerebral primitiv
Toxoplasmoza cerebrala
EBV-related
Leziune de regula unica,
nodulara, cu edem mic
perilezional
Dg dif cu Toxoplasmoza;
proba terapeutica
Tratament:
HAART+citostatice (+/-
intratecal)
Criptococoza meningo-cerebrala
Cryptococcus neoformans
CD4<100/mmc
Meningita/meningo-encefalita
cu LCR clar, sub presiune, cu
evidentierea criptococilor in
examenul direct/Ag criptococic
prezent/culturi
Hidrocefalia interna prin
blocarea curgerii LCR prin
celulele fungice conglomerate:
dilatare spatii Virchow-Robin,
dilatari ventriculare
Tratament:
AmfotericinaB+5Flucitozina/
alternativa Fluconazol
Meningo-encefalita TBC
La orice CD4
Meningo-encefalita de
baza de craniu, +/- afectari
de nervi cranieni
Tuberculoame
Poate fi demascata de
inceperea HAART, prin sdr
de reconstructie imuna
(IRIS)
Tratament: HRZE, cu
temporizarea HAART
(pericol fatalitate prin IRIS)
LEMP
LEMP=leucoencefalita
multifocala progresiva
(PML)
JC virus
Imunodepresie marcata
Leziuni hipersemnal
T2/Flair asimetrice,
periferice (prind fibrele
U); fara priza substantei
de contrast, fara
edeme/fara efect de masa
Tratament: HAART
Case 2: 32-year-old HIV-positive woman with PML and survival time exceeding 22 months.
Leziuni in hipersemnal
T2/Flair, afectare simetrica
(demielinizari?)
periventriculara, fara
edem, fara priza substantei
de contrast (!dg dif cu
scleroza multipla)
Tratament: HAART (!
dementa reversibila sub
terapie!)
Reactivarea CMV: retinita/encefalita
Cancere AIDS-related
Sarcom Kaposi
Limfom cerebral
Cancere solide:
Col uterin
Canal anal
Cancere non-AIDS-related
Cancer pulmonar
Limfoame Hodgkin/nonHodgkin
HIV-SIDA afectarea digestiva
Adaptat dup: 1. Kallings L and McClure C. 20 Years of the International AIDS Society: HIV Professionals Working Together to Fight AIDS. Available from: http://
www.iasociety.org/Web/WebContent/File/IAS_20yearsIAS_book.pdf (Accessed Apr 2013). 2. DHHS Guidelines 2013; Available at:
www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf (Accessed Apr 2013).
Vindecarea HIV este posibila?
Eisele E,Siliciano R. Redefining the Viral Reservoirs that Prevent HIV-1 Eradication. Immunity 37,
September 21, 2012 2012 Elsevier 377-388.
Medicatia antiretrovirala (ARV)
Drug Targets for HIV/AIDS
Tratamentul antiretroviral
Backbone: Flesh:
unul dintre:
1 IIG
2 INRT
+ 1 IP/r
1 INNRT
HAART: parti negative
Hipersensibilitate reactii fatale
Toxicitate digestiva, cutanata, neuropsihica, hepatica, hematologica
Tulburari metabolism lipidic si/sau glucidic; Lipodistrofie; Complicatii cardio-vasculare
Toxicitate mitocondriala
Interactiuni medicamentoase:
IP/r* = substrat si inhibitori puternici CYP3A4
INNRT = substrat si inductori CYP3A4
Probleme de aderenta cu dezvoltarea de rezistente
Oboseala terapeutica
Costuri
*IP/r = inhibitor de proteaza boostat (=potentat prin inhibarea metabolizarii sale in citocrom, de regula
printr-un alt IP, Norvir-ul, dat in doze mici)
Profilaxia infectiei cu HIV
Profilaxia nespecifica (educatie, evitarea expunerii, prezervative,
material de unica utilizare pt utilizatorii de droguri, control sange pt
donare!)
Tratarea pacientilor infectati (Treatment as/and Prevention)
Profilaxia pre-expunere (PrEP)
Vaccinare ?
Profilaxie post-expunere (PPE)
Profilaxia Post-expunere la HIV, VHB
i VHC
2014
Ghid INBI Matei Bal Bucureti
Managementul postexpunere la produse
biologice cu risc de transmitere HIV
Profilaxia postexpunere la HIV reprezint o URGEN medical!
Msurile generale:
Splarea plgii cutanate cu ap i spun din abunden, evitndu-se iritarea local
Irigarea cu ap sau ser fiziologic la nivelul mucoaselor, ndeprtarea lentilelor de contact
Nu se atinge (instrumenteaz) rectul sau vaginul dup expunere
Dup expunerea oral se scuip sngele/alte fluide + cltire cu ap
Nu se recomand stoarcerea sau suciunea plgii (hiperemie local crete riscul de
infecie)
PHS guidelines for occupational exposures to HIV. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34(9):875-892
Profilaxia Post-expunere Non-profesional
DA NU
= tratament = tratament
recomandat, nerecomandat
dac ndeplinete TOATE dac ndeplinete UN criteriu
criteriile: dintre:
Oral cu
POSIBIL NESEMNIFICATIV NESEMNIFICATIV
ejaculare
neptura n ac din
- NESEMNIFICATIV NESEMNIFICATIV
comunitate
Muctura POSIBIL POSIBIL NESEMNIFICATIV