Life Cycle

Analysis
 Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) also called Life-Cycle
Analysis is a tool for examining the total
environmental impact of a product through every step
of its life from obtaining raw materials all the way
through making it in a factory, selling it in a store, using
it in the workplace or at home, and disposing of it.
(Bishop, 2000, p. 252)
 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) overcomes
the environmental impact of targeted
products or services throughout their
lifecycle, and measures the amount of
resource consumption and emissions from
all stages from raw material to production,
using and treatment at the end of product
life and final disposal (inventory analysis),
then evaluate impacts based on inventory
analysis results (impact analysis).
 The Four Stages of life cycle
International standards analysis
(ISO-14040) provide the
"Principles and
framework" of the LCA.
ISO-14040 defines
"LCA is one of the
techniques developed to
better understand and
handle the impact of the
product, whether
produced or consumed,
including the impacts
that may be associated
Goal and Scope definition
GOAL: to compare a product or a new process with its
competitive, choose a more environmentally friendly product or
process, and analyze the environmental and economic impact of
a work process (Curran, M.A., 1996).
In the lifecycle analysis, the scope is divided into systems and
environments. All the products, processes, operations and
activities being studied are included in the system. Everything
outside the system is the environment. The input of a system is
all the resources of the environment, including matter and
energy. The output of the system is everything that is released
into the environment. Including, energy, emissions, and
postconsumer of the product.
Inventory Analysis
1. Also referred to as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) phase
2. Compiling and quantifying of inputs and outputs
3. Collecting of data, determination of total emissions and resource
use
4. Detailed defining of product system and economy-environment
boundary. Only data collection for processes that are controlled
by human beings (economic processes). Examples: coal mining,
electricity production, controlled dumping of solid waste etc.
5. Visualizing connected processes in product system
6. Scaling of available technical data (e.g. from data libraries) to
functional unit
7. Aggregating the inputs and outputs in Inventory Table
Impact Assesment
The category of indicators used refers to sustainable development
indicators, is economic, environmental, safety, and social. In this analysis
the impact to be assessed refers only to environmental indicators.
Environmental indicators used here are emissions of carbon dioxide gas
(CO2) and net energy from bioethanol production process.
The lifecycle impact assessment is undertaken with the aim of evaluating
the impact resulting from the production and use of each liter of
bioethanol. The categories of impacts to be analyzed are determined in
accordance with sustainable development indicators. Factors analyzed
here are environmental factors. The category of environmental impacts
evaluated is the impact of global warming, which translates into the
amount of CO2 gas output and energy input-output in the life cycle of
bioethanol.
Impact Assesment
Each impact to be analyzed is valuation and
then interpreted according to the category used.
The results of the analysis will be developed to
perform process improvement or the best
selection of existing processes.
Interpretating
Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of
important choices or assumptions
What if other allocations are applied.
What if other boundaries are applied.
What if other impact assessment method is used.

By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we

can verify how the conclusions connect with the
assumptions.
LCA in Biodiesel Production
LCA is often used to compareenergy and carbon
balancesfor production and use of different fuels. As
such, LCA is a key tool used in assessing sustainability
ofbiofuels. For example, U.S. policy provides tax credits
for companies that blend renewable fuels with
petroleum-based fuels. In order to qualify for these
credits, carbon dioxide emissions must be reduced by
40% for first-generation biofuels and by 60% for second-
generation biofuels used in the blend. LCA is the tool
used to determine level of emissions reduction or
increase associated with production and use of each fuel
LCA in Bioethanol Production
The results of the study (Daylan & Ciliz,
(2016) LCA analysis of bioethanol use as
alternative fuel within 1 km of steam
distillation The analysis showed that the use
of bioethanol and gasoline mixture of 10%
and 85% could reduce the emissions by 12, 8
g CO2 eq and 130.5 g CO2 eq when compared
to conventional gasoline usage.
LCA in Biobriquettes Production
(Deac, Fechete-Tutunaru and Gaspar, (2016) indicate
the use of briquettes from 3 types of sawdust as fuel The
environmental impact of NO gas. Briquettes made from
sawdust powder, beech wood (genus nothofagus) and
mixed wood with briquette lengths of 30 mm, 50 mm,
and 70 mm respectively produce a different gas gas NO.
The results show that briquettes derived from powder
Pine saws produce the greatest emissions of the other
two types of briquettes on a variety of briquette sizes
LCA in Biogas Production
Biogas by Handling manure. The major advantages are
that they produce biogas and reduce odor. In this study,
life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to
assess the environmental impacts associated with biogas
digesters in Vietnam.
Handling 1,000 kg of liquid manure and 100 kg of solid
manure in a system with a biogas digester reduced the
impact potential from 4.4 kg carbon dioxide (CO2)
equivalents to 3.2 kg CO2 equivalents compared with
traditional manure management.
A sensitivity analysis showed that biogas digesters
could be a means of reducing global warming if methane