WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

Computer is an electronic
machine that can accept,
manipulate, process and
store data.
 THREE TYPES OF DEVICES

Manual-Mechanical Devices
Electromechanical Devices
Electronic Devices
 Is a simple mechanism powered by
hand. Basically, devices of this type
required some sort of physical effort
from the user when used.

Ex. Abacus, Napiers Bones and Slide

Rule
 It is usually powered by an electric
motor, and uses switches and relays.

Ex. Household electrical appliances,

desk calculators and punched card
data processing.
 Has its principal components circuit
boards, transistors or silicon chips and
the like.

Ex. Modern digital computer

 ANCIENT TIMES
During those time, mans concerned
was limited to survival but at unknown
point of antiquity, they learned how to
add and subtract using their fingers
and toes, symbol or objects - - to
perform computations beyond the
limited scope of fingers.
PEBBLES STONE

BONES
 One of the earliest devices for
computation. It consists of a slab
divided into sections, and pebbles
used for counters. This was originally
use by Indians, Chinese, Japanese,
Romans and people early in the
century
ABACUS
 An Scottish
mathematician; who
became famous for his
invention of logarithms.
Mechanical calculator.
That helped people
multiply different
numbers.
 It is operated by
sliding one rule
over the other.
Multiplication
could be done
faster with the
slide rule.
OUGHTREDS SLIDE RULE
 Blaise Pascal, a
French scientist
developed the first
mechanical
calculating machine
capable of adding
and subtracting
numbers.
PASCALINE
 Gootfried Leibniz, a
German mathematician,
improved Pascals invention
and developed by Leibniz
calculating Machine. This
was the first machine to
perform direct division and
multiplication. Can perform
the 4 mathematical
operations and can extract
square roots.
 A French weaver,
invented punched card
that function as a
program and provide set
of instructions to the
machine to produce a
specific weave or design
of fabrics.
mechanical loom
 The first device that might be considered to be a computer
in the modern sense of the world was conceived by the
eccentric British mathematician and inventor Charles
Babbage.
In 1822, Babbage proposed adding machine called the
Difference Engine to automatically calculate mathematical
tables. The difference engine was only partially completed
when Babbage conceived the idea of another, more
sophisticated machine called an Analytical Engine.
 The Analytical Engine was intended to use loops of
Jacquards punched cards to control an automatic
calculator, which could make decisions based on the
results of various computations. This machine was also
intended to employ several subsequently used in
modern computers, including sequential control,
branching and looping.

LADY AUGUSTA ADA LOVELACE, the first computer

programmer. Since the computer development started
during the time of Charles Babbage, he was called as
Father of Computer.
 First Computer
Programmer
A splendid
mathematician and one
of the few people who
understood Babbages
vision, created a
program for Analytical
Engine
 HOWARD AIKEN, a Harvard professor, designed
Mark I digital computer, an electronic device that uses
electromagnetic relays for computation.
JOHN VINCENT ATANASOFF, a Physics and
Mathematics Professor at Lowa State College, together
with CLIFFORD BERRY, his graduate assistant,
conceived the first prototype electronic computer. They
called it the ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER or
ABC that uses vacuum tubes for storage and
arithmetic-logic functions.
 CLIFFORD BERRY

HOWARD AIKEN

JOHN ATANASOFF
 The Mark I could perform the four basic
arithmetic operations and could locate
information stored in tabular form. It
processed numbers up to 23 digits long, and
could multiply three eight-digit numbers in 1
second. Internal operations were controlled
automatically with electromagnetic relays
and arithmetical counters. It was also the first
automatic general-purpose digital computer.
The Mark I is now on display at Harvard
University.
 The official name of Mark I was Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator.
 ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)
Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly
Developed during the period 1943 to 1946
It was the first large-scale vacuum-tube computer.
It weighs 30 tons and occupies a space of 3
bedroom house.
It consisted of over 18,000 vacuum tubes and
required the manual setting of switches to achieve
desired results. It could perform 300 multiplications
per second.
 It is the first electronic digital computer to solve
ballistic problems.

On its test run in February of 1946, the ENIAC took

only two hours to solve a nuclear physics problem that
would previously have required 100 years of
calculation by a physicist.

Its speed of calculation was a thousand times faster

than the best mechanical calculators. Each of its 20
accumulators could perform 5,000 additions of ten-
digit numbers in 1 second. But it could store only 20
ten-digit numbers in its memory at a time.
 EDVAC
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

John Von Neumann, a Hungarian-born

mathematician.
EDVAC would differ from the ENIAC in two
profoundly important respects.
First, the EDVAC would employ binary
arithmetic. The MARK I and the ENIAC both
used decimal arithmetic in all their calculations.
Neumann showed that binary arithmetic would
make much simpler computer circuitry.
 Second, the EDVAC would have stored-program
capability. He also proposed wiring a
permanent set of instructions within the
computer and placing these operations under a
central control. He further proposed that the
instruction codes governing the operations be
stored in the same way that the data were
stored as binary numbers.
 EDVAC
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
 EDSAC was an early British computer. Inspired by John von
Neumann, the machine was constructed by Maurice Wilkes
and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical
Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the second electronic
digital stored-program computer to go into regular service.

Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a

British firm, who were rewarded with the first commercially
applied computer, LEO I, based on the EDSAC design.
EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it
calculated a table of squares and a list of prime numbers.