Induction Motor

SEE 3433
MESIN ELEKTRIK
INDUCTION MOTOR
steady-state model
Construction
a Stator windings
120o of practical machines
120o
are distributed
c
Coil sides span can be less than
b
180 o short-pitch or fractional-
pitch or chorded winding
Ifc rotor is wound, its winding the

b
same as stator
a
120o
Stator 3-phase winding

Rotor squirrel cage / wound
Construction
Single N turn coil carrying current i Permeability of iron >> o

a
Spans 180 o elec all MMF drop appear in airgap
Ni / 2
- -/2 /2
-Ni / 2
Construction
Distributed winding
coils are distributed in several slots
N c for each slot
MMF closer to sinusoidal

- less harmonic contents
(3Nci)/2
(Nci)/2
- -/2 /2
Construction
The harmonics in the mmf can be further reduced by

increasing the number of slots: e.g. winding of a phase are
placed in 12 slots:
Construction
In order to obtain a truly sinusoidal mmf in the airgap:
the number of slots has to infinitely large
conductors in slots are sinusoidally distributed
In practice, the number of slots are limited & it is a lot easier

to place the same number of conductors in a slot
Phase a sinusoidal distributed winding
Airgap mmf
F()

2
Sinusoidal winding for each phase produces space sinusoidal MMF and flux
Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

space sinusoidal standing wave MMF
i(t)
This is the excitation
t current which is sinusoidal
with time
F()


i(t)
t
0
F()
t=0


i(t)
t1
t
F()
t = t1
2


i(t)
t
t2
F()
t = t2
2


i(t)
t
t3
F()
t = t3
2


i(t)
t4
t
F()
t = t4
2


i(t)
t
t5
F()
t = t5
2


i(t)
t
t6
F()
t = t6
2


i(t)
t
t7
F()
t = t7
2


i(t)
t
t8
F()
t = t8
2

Combination of 3 standing waves resulted in ROTATING MMF wave
Frequency of rotation is given by:
2 p number of poles
s 2f
p f supply frequency
known as synchronous frequency

Rotating flux induced:
Emf in stator winding (known as back emf)
Emf in rotor winding
Rotor flux rotating at synchronous frequency
Rotor current interact with flux to produce torque
Rotor ALWAYS rotate at frequency less than synchronous, i.e. at slip

speed:
sl = s r
Ratio between slip speed and synchronous speed known as slip

s r
s
s
Induced voltage
Flux density distribution in airgap: Bmaxcos
/2
Flux per pole: p
/ 2
Bmax cos l r d = 2 Bmaxl r
Sinusoidally distributed flux rotates at s and induced voltage in the phase coils
Maximum flux links phase a when t = 0. No flux links phase a when t = 90o
Induced voltage
a flux linkage of phase a
a = N p cos(t)
By Faradays law, induced voltage in a phase coil aa is

d
ea N p sin t
dt
N p
Erms 4.44f N p
2
Maximum flux links phase a when t = 0. No flux links phase a when t = 90o
Induced voltage
In actual machine with distributed and short-pitch

windinds induced voltage is LESS than this by a
winding factor Kw
N p
Erms 4.44f N pK w
2
N p
Erms 4.44f N p
2
Stator phase voltage equation:
Vs = Rs Is + j(2f)LlsIs + Eag
Eag airgap voltage or back emf (Erms derive previously)
Eag = k f ag
Rotor phase voltage equation:
Er = Rr Ir + js(2f)Llr
Er induced emf in rotor circuit
Er /s = (Rr / s) Ir + j(2f)Llr
Perphase equivalent circuit
Rs Lls Llr Ir
+ + +
Is
Vs Lm Eag Er/s Rr/s
Im

Rs stator winding resistance

Rr rotor winding resistance
Lls stator leakage inductance
Llr rotor leakage inductance
Lm mutual inductance
s slip
We know Eg and Er related by
Er s
Where a is the winding turn ratio = N1/N2
Eag a
The rotor parameters referred to stator are:
Ir
Ir ' , R r ' a R r , L lr ' a L lr
2 2
a
rotor voltage equation becomes
Eag = (Rr / s) Ir + j(2f)Llr Ir

Perphase equivalent circuit
Rs Is Lls Llr Ir
+ +
Lm Rr/s
Vs Eag
Im

Rs stator winding resistance

Rr rotor winding resistance referred to stator
Lls stator leakage inductance
Llr rotor leakage inductance referred to stator
Lm mutual inductance
Ir rotor current referred to stator
Power and Torque
Power is transferred from stator to rotor via airgap,

known as airgap power
Rr ' Rr '
Pag 3Ir' 2 3Ir' 2R r ' 3Ir' 2 1 s
s s
Lost in rotor Converted to mechanical

winding power = (1s)Pag= Pm
Power and Torque
Mechanical power, Pm = Tem r
But, ss = s - r r = (1-s)s
Pag = Tem s
Pag 3Ir'2R r '

Tem
s ss
Therefore torque is given by:

3R r ' Vs2
Tem
ss Rr '
2
X ls X lr '
2
R s
s
Power and Torque
This torque expression is derived based on approximate equivalent circuit
A more accurate method is to use Thevenin equivalent circuit:
3R r ' VTh2
Tem
ss Rr '
2
R
3R r 'Th
Vs Th X
2 X lr ' 2
Tem s 2
ss Rr '
X ls X lr '
2
R s
s
Power and Torque
Tem
Rr
Pull out s Tm
R s X ls X lr
2 2
Torque
(Tmax)

3 Vs2
Tmax
ss R R 2 X X 2
s s ls lr
Trated
r
0 sTm rated syn
s
1 0
Steady state performance
The steady state performance can be calculated from

equivalent circuit, e.g. using Matlab
Rs Is Lls Llr Ir
+ +
Lm Rr/s
Vs Eag
Im

Rs Is Lls Llr Ir
+ +
Lm Rr/s
Vs Eag
Im

e.g. 3phase squirrel cage IM

V = 460 V Rs= 0.25 Rr=0.2
Lr = Ls = 0.5/(2*pi*50) Lm=30/(2*pi*50)
f = 50Hz p=4
500
400
300
Torque
200
100
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
250
200
150
Is
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
250
200
150
Ir
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
600
400
200
0
Torque
-200
-400
-600
-800
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6 (1-s)
Efficiency
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Induction Motor

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Induction Motor

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SEE 3433

Ifc rotor is wound, its winding the

Stator 3-phase winding

Single N turn coil carrying current i Permeability of iron >> o

N c for each slot

MMF closer to sinusoidal

The harmonics in the mmf can be further reduced by

In order to obtain a truly sinusoidal mmf in the airgap:

the number of slots has to infinitely large

conductors in slots are sinusoidally distributed

In practice, the number of slots are limited & it is a lot easier

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

Sinusoidal current excitation (with frequency s) in a phase produces

known as synchronous frequency

Rotor current interact with flux to produce torque

Rotor ALWAYS rotate at frequency less than synchronous, i.e. at slip

Ratio between slip speed and synchronous speed known as slip

a flux linkage of phase a

By Faradays law, induced voltage in a phase coil aa is

In actual machine with distributed and short-pitch

Eag airgap voltage or back emf (Erms derive previously)

Rotor phase voltage equation:

Er induced emf in rotor circuit

Rs stator winding resistance

The rotor parameters referred to stator are:

Eag = (Rr / s) Ir + j(2f)Llr Ir

Rs stator winding resistance

Power is transferred from stator to rotor via airgap,

Lost in rotor Converted to mechanical

Mechanical power, Pm = Tem r

Pag 3Ir'2R r '

Therefore torque is given by:

This torque expression is derived based on approximate equivalent circuit

A more accurate method is to use Thevenin equivalent circuit:

The steady state performance can be calculated from

e.g. 3phase squirrel cage IM

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