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Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Differential pressure
Are these distinctions:
Meaningful?
Accurate?
Useful?
Explain and discuss
Pressure conversion table
Error? In Wikipedia???
In American and Canadian engineering,
stress is often measured in kip. Note that
stress is not a true pressure since it is not
scalar.
Really! kip stands for kilopounds. Is this
a unit of stress or pressure?
Is pressure related to stress?
Pressure is a property of fluids, which, by
definition cannot support a shear.
Stress comes in three forms:
Tensile/compressive stresses are related to forces
normal to a surface
Shear stresses are in the plane of the surface
The bulk modulus is related to hydrostatic forces
(pressure)
Except for the fact that the bulk modulus is
measured by applying hydrostatic pressure,
stress relates to properties of solids
Stress is not relevant to discussions of pressure
Hydrostatic Gauges
Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury
column manometer) compare pressure to the
hydrostatic force per unit area at the base of a
column of fluid. Hydrostatic gauge
measurements are independent of the type of
gas being measured, and can be designed to
have a very linear calibration. They have poor
dynamic response.
Why?
Piston
P = mg h
Bourdon Gauge (Mechanical)
A = Annular electrode
D = Disk electrode
S = Substrate
G = Getter (in vacuum
space)
Differential capacitance
between annulus and
disk depends on
pressure difference
between Test Chamber
and Getter.
Thermal conductivity gauges
Thermal conductivity of gases depends on density
Gas density is directly proportional to pressure at a given
temperature.
A thermocouple or Resistance Temperature Detector
(RTD) can then be used to measure the temperature of
the filament.
This temperature is dependent on the rate at which the
filament loses heat to the surrounding gas, and therefore
on the thermal conductivity.
Common variant: Pirani gauge
uses a single platinum filament as both the heated element and
RTD. These gauges are accurate from 10 Torr to 103 Torr, but
they are sensitive to the chemical composition of the gases
being measured.
Heat Transfer of Gases
Conductivity is
linear in
pressure over
about 2 orders
of magnitude.
Viscous flow
regime
Pirani and
thermocouple
gauges
Ionization gauge
Most sensitive gauges for very low
pressures (high vacuums, AKA "hard"
vacuums).
Sense pressure indirectly by measuring
the electrical ion current produced when
the gas is bombarded with electrons.
Ion density will be proportional to gas
density.
The calibration of an ion gauge is unstable
and dependent on the nature of the gases
being measured, which is not always
known.
Ionization gauges
Useful range: 10-10 - 10-3 Torr (roughly 10-8 - 10-1
Pa)
Hot cathode version: an electrically heated
filament produces an electron beam. The
electrons ionize residual gas molecules. Ion
current current depends on the number of ions,
which depends on the pressure in the gauge.
Cold cathode version: the same, except that ions
are produced by electrons from a high voltage
electrical discharge.
Making vacuum: pumps
Two kinds:
Displacement
Remove gas from system by putting it somewhere
else
Works like a water pump
Entrapment
Remove gas molecules from vapor
Gas remains in the system
Works like a garbage can? Better example?
Rotary vane pump
Exhaust Intake
The workhorse of
physics labs for the
last70?... years!
Oilfree
Must be backed
Vacuum to 10-7 Torr
Expensive
Finite lifetime (5 years)
Cryopumps
Basically just
two cold fingers:
77 K traps water
10 K traps
everything else
but hydrogen
Activated carbon
adsorbs hydrogen
Must be backed
SEMs run at 10-10 Torr!