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Rivier College
CS575: Advanced LANs

ATM Technology: Introduction

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Table of Contents

Section 1 Introduction
Section 2 ATM Layers and Protocol
2.1 Physical Layer Table
2.2 ATM Layer of
2.3 ATM Adaptation Layer Contents
Section 3 Traffic Management
Section 4 Signaling and Addressing
Section 5 Private-Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI)
Section 6 ATM LAN Emulation
Section 7 IP Over ATM
Section 8 Multiprotocol Over ATM (MPOA)

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Section 1: ATM Technology Overview

0 Background
0 B-ISDN Services
0 What is ATM?
0 Why ATM?
0 How Does ATM work?
0 ATM Networks
0 ATM Interfaces
0 ATM and Legacy Networks
0 ATM Switches and Edge Devices
0 B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model
0 ATM Standards Organizations

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Background
0 1984: ITU-T (CCITT) developed standards for ISDN
0 Types of ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) channels

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Background (continued)
0 Two types of interfaces were specified:
- Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D 144 Kbps (192 Kbps
Interface structure gross bit rate)
- Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 23B+D/30B+D 1.536/1.984 Mbps
(1.544/2.048 Mbps gross bit rate)

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Background (continued)

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Background (concluded)

0 1985: ITU-T Study Group 13 (formerly the CCITT Study Group

XVIII) began developing standards for Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
0 Objective: Define a B-ISDN transport technology for all types of
traffic (voice, video, image, and data) for broadband services
0 1988: ITU-T selected Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as the
switching and multiplexing technique for the B-ISDN
0 ATM was developed for B-ISDN, but it is also implemented in non-
ISDN environments where very high data rates are required

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B-ISDN Services

B-ISDN Services

Interactive Distribution
Services Services

Conversational Messaging Retrieval Distribution Distribution

Services Services Services Services Services
with user without user
Control Control

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What is Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)?

0 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a connection-oriented, high-speed,
low-delay switching and transmission technology that uses short and fixed-
size packets, called cells, to transport information.

5 octets 48 octets

Header Information

53 octets

0 Using the cell switching technique, ATM combines the benefits of both
circuit switching (low and constant delay, guaranteed capacity) and packet
switching (flexibility, efficiency for bursty traffic) to support the
transmission of multimedia traffic such as voice, video, image, and data
over the same network.

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Why ATM?
0 International standard-based technology (for interoperability)
0 Low network latency (for voice, video, and real-time applications)
0 Low variance of delay (for voice and video transmission)
0 Guaranteed quality of service
0 High capacity switching (multi-giga bits per second)
0 Bandwidth flexibility (dynamically assigned to users)
0 Scalability (capacity may be increased on demand)
0 Medium not shared for ATM LAN (no degradation in performance as
traffic load or number of users increases)
0 Supports a wide range of user access speeds
0 Appropriate (seamless integration) for LANs, MANs, and WANs
0 Supports audio, video, imagery, and data traffic (for integrated services)

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How Does ATM Work?

User Applications User Applications
Voice Video Data
Voice Video Data

BISDN BISDN
Services Services

Reassembly
Segmentation

Multiplexing Demultiplexing

Workstation Workstation
H

ATM Network H

H H H H H H
H H H

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How Does ATM Work? (concluded)

0 ATM is connection-oriented -- an end-to-end connection must be

established and routing tables setup prior to cell transmission
0 Once a connection is established, the ATM network will provide
end-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) to the end users
0 All traffic, whether voice, video, image, or data is divided into 53-
octet cells and routed in sequence across the ATM network
0 Routing information is carried in the header of each cell
0 Routing decisions and switching are performed by hardware in
ATM switches
0 Cells are reassembled into voice, video, image, or data at the
destination

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ATM Networks
0 Public ATM Network:
- Provided by public telecommunications carriers (e.g., AT&T,
MCI WorldCom, and Sprint)
- Interconnects private ATM networks
- Interconnects remote non-ATM LANs
- Interconnects individual users
0 Private ATM Network:
- Owned by private organizations
- Interconnects low speed/shared medium LANs (e.g., Ethernet,
Token Ring, FDDI) as a backbone network
- Interconnects individual users as the front-end LAN for high
performance or multimedia applications

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ATM Interfaces
Private Public
UNI UNI
P-NNI
Public
Private ATM Network
ATM WAN

B-ICI

Private Public
ATM LAN
ATM Network

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ATM and Legacy Networks

File
Server
Voice FDDI
Ethernet
Edge
Video Switch

PBX

Private Mainframe
ATM
Public Computer
FDDI Network ATM Network
Ethernet Private
ATM
Switch

Edge Edge
Switch Switch
Token
Ring Edge
Switch
Mainframe PBX
Computer
FDDI
Token
Ring Video
Video Ethernet Voice

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ATM Switches and Edge Devices

0 ATM Switches
- ATM LAN switches
- ATM Backbone switches
- ATM WAN switches
- ATM Central Office switches
0 ATM Edge Devices
- ATM capable routers
- ATM capable switches

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Examples of ATM Workgroup Switches

Marconi LE-155 Cisco Systems LS-1010

ATM Workgroup Switch ATM Workgroup Switch

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Examples of ATM Backbone Switches

Marconi ASX-200
ATM Backbone Switch

Marconi ASX-4000 Marconi ASX-1000

ATM Backbone Switch ATM Backbone Switch

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Examples of ATM WAN Switches

Cisco Systems Lucent GX 550

Catalyst 8500 Multiservice ATM Switch
Switch Router

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Examples of ATM Edge Devices

Cisco Systems Marconi ES-3810 Marconi ESX-3000

Catalyst 5500 Switch 10/100 Ethernet Switch Campus Switch

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B-ISDN/ATM Protocol Reference Model

Source: Stallings: Data and Computer Communications

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Appendix: B-ISDN Services

0 Retrieval Services
- Video retrieval service
= Entertainment
= Remote education and training
- High-resolution image retrieval service
= Entertainment
= Remote education and training
= Professional image communications
= Medical image communications
- Document retrieval service
= Mixed documents containing text, graphics, still and moving picture
information, and voice annotations from archives or information
centers

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B-ISDN Services (continued)

0 Messaging services
- Video mail service for the transfer of moving pictures and
accompanying sound
- Document mail service for mixed documents containing text, graphics,
still and moving picture information, as well as voice annotations
0 Conversational services
- Broadband videotelephony for the transfer of voice (sound), moving
pictures, and video scanned still images and documents between two
locations for
= Tele-education
= Tele-shopping
= Tele-advertising
- Broadband videoconference

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B-ISDN Services (concluded)

0 Distribution services without user control
- Document distribution
= Electronic newspaper
= Electronic publishing
- Video distribution service
= TV program distribution
= HDTV program distribution
= Pay-per-view TV program distribution
0 Distribution services with user control
- Video broadcast for
= Remote education and training
= News retrieval
= Video-on-demand

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B-ISDN/ATM Standardization
0 ITU-T
- ITU-T is the Telecommunications Standardization Sector of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- It is the new name for CCITT
- It is in charge of setting network standards for public
telecommunications
- The ITU-T functions are carried out through study groups
- Study Group 13 is responsible for setting standards (I, Q, and F
Series Recommendations) for B-ISDN
0 ATM Forum (ATMF)
- An international non-profit organization formed in September 1991
- Since then, it has expanded to include more than 750 voting members
from ATM equipment vendors, service providers, carriers, and users

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B-ISDN/ATM Standardization (concluded)

- Objective: To accelerate the use of ATM products and services through

interoperability specifications
- The ATM Forum has a technical committee which works with other
standards bodies such as ITU-T and ANSI to recommend new standards
as well as to resolve any standards issues
- The Technical Committee consists of a number of working groups to
investigate different areas of ATM technologies
- Working groups are responsible for producing technical specifications

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References

W. Stalling, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 6th edition,

Prentice Hall, 2000, Chapter 11

W. Stalling, Data and Computer Communications, 6th edition,

Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapters 11-12

A. Wu, Advanced Local Area Networks, Lectures & Slides, Rivier

College, 2001.

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