METALS AND ITS ALLOYS

Nature, Properties and Distinct

Characteristics
What to expect:
• Fundamentals/ Nature of Metals
• Structure of Metals
• Strengthening Mechanism
• Other metallic properties
• Fe- C System
• Steel and Steel Making
 Lecture Proper

• Part 1: Fundamentals


• Part 2: Strengthening Mechanism

Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)


• Optical Properties
– Absorption - process in which incident
radiated energy is retained without
reflection or transmission on passing
through a medium
• Fine succession of energy states
• Near surface e- absorb visible light.
– Reflection - phenomenon of a propagating
wave (light) being thrown back from a
surface.
• Reflectivity = IR / IO is between 0.90 and 0.95
• Reflective light has the same frequency as
Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)
Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)


• Electrical Properties
– Ease of movement in which e- past the
atoms under the influence of an electric
field.
– Function of Temperature
• Electrical Conductivity
– Decreases by the phenomena that deflect,
or scatter the moving electrons.
» Impurity of atoms, grain
boundaries, or random oscillation
of atoms induced by thermal
energy.
Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)


• Thermal Properties
– It involves Heat Transfer or Transfer of
Energy within the material without any
motion of the material as a whole.
– Function of Temperature
• Thermal Conductivity
– quite high, and those metals which are the
best electrical conductors are also the
best thermal conductors.
– The rate of heat transfer depends upon the
temperature gradient and the thermal
conductivity of the material.
Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)


• Thermal Conductivity vs. Electrical

Conductivity
– Wiedemann-Franz Law (based on free e- in
metal)
• Electrical conductivity decreases with particle
velocity increases because the collision
divert the electrons from forward transport
of charge. However, The thermal
conductivity increases with the average
particle velocity since that increases the
forward transport of energy.
•
Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)


• Magnetic Properties
– Magnetic field – formed when electric
current is passed through a coil of metal.
• Ferromagnetism – Exhibited by only five
Elements
– Iron (Fe)
– Nickel (Ni)
– Cobalt (Co)
– Gadolinium (Gd)
– Dysprosium (Dy)
Supplements
(Other Metallic Properties)


• Magnetic Hysteresis Curves


Part III – Steels


• Steels
– an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with
a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1%
by weight, depending on the grade.
– Design of structure is based on yield stress,
bur ductility, toughness at normal and
sub-zero temperatures and weld-ability.
– Plain carbon steel has good ductility and
weld-ability when carbon content is low
and high yield strength when carbon
content is high.
 Part III – Steels
Yie ld S tre n g th

C a rb o n C o n te n t
E ffe ct o f C a rb o n co n te n t o n M e ch a n ica l Pro p e rtie s,
0 .2 5 % m a x
Part III – Steels


• Alloying Effect in Steel

– Increase Carbon content – strength increases,
but ductility reduces.
– Manganese (Mn) : increases strength but
reduces weld-ability
– Sulfur (S): increases brittleness induces fatigue ;
0.06% max
– Phosphorous (P): Strength and Corrosion
resistance, decreases ductility; 0.06% max
– Silicon (Si) : Improves strength but excess
reduces strength
• reacts with Carbon produces graphite flakes;
0.6% max
– Niobium (Nb) and Nickel (Ni): improves strength
Part III – Steels


• Ore beneficiation
– Variety of process
whereby extracted ore from mining is
reduced to particles that can be separated
into mineral and waste, the former
suitable for further processing or direct
use.
• high density of hematite  {Iron(III)
oxide (Fe2O3)} relative to silicates
• beneficiation usually involves a combination of
crushing and milling as well as heavy liquid
separation.
• This is achieved by passing the finely
crushed ore over a bath of solution
containing bentonite or other agent which
Part III – Steels


• Sources of Iron Ore

– Banded iron deposits
• metamorphosed sedimentary rocks composed
predominantly of thinly bedded iron
minerals and silica (as quartz). The iron
mineral present may be the
carbonate siderite, but those used as iron
ores contain the
oxides magnetite or hematite.
– Taconites


– Magmatic magnetite ore deposits

• formed from volcanic flows containing
Part III – Steels


• Sources of Iron Ore

– Hematite ore
• Sourced from meta-somatically altered
banded iron formations and rarely igneous
accumulations.
• Considerably cheaper to process as it
generally does not require beneficiation due
to its higher iron content
– Exploited on almost all continents
Part III – Steels


• Steel Making Process -

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
Part III – Steels


• Heat Treatment of Steels

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References:




• Budinskiet. al. Engineering Materials:
 Properties and Selection. 6th Ed.
• Kilduff, T. Engineering Materials
Technology. 3rd Ed.
• Bhattacharjee, B. Lecture Series in
Building Construction. Indian Institute of
Technology
• United States Steel Corp. Steel: Start to
Finish.
• "metallurgy." Encyclopædia Britannica.
2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.