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Peptide natriuretice
Vasoconstrictie
periferica
Debit cardiac
scazut
Activaraea neurohormonala in IC
Scaderea
contractilitatii
ventriculare
Cresterea Activare
rezistentei neurohormonala
periferice compensatorie
Mecanisme fiziopatologice in IC
senzatie de sete
Reducerea perfuziei
sistemice
Alterarea
expresiei Crestere si Ishemie, depletie Toxicitate
genelor remodelare de energie directa
Apoptoza Necroza
Moarte celulara
Definitia insuficientei cardiace diastolice
a) intramiocardic
e.g. fibroza miocardica, amiloidoza, hipertrofie,
ischemie miocardica...
Simptome si semne:
Intoleranta la efort = semn precoce de insuficienta diastolica
fluxul coronar in diastola
Diuretic+IEC (BRA)
Titrare pentru stabilitate
clinica
Betablocant
DA NYHA II-IV?
NU
+Antagonist de ALD
NYHA II-IV?
DA NU
FE<35% NU
RS FC>70b/min
Ivabradina
QRS>120
NU
DA msec?
ICD Acelasi
Resincronizare tratament
Noncardiovasculare Cardiovasculare
Anemie, Ischemie
Boli pulmonare HTA
Disfunctie renala Disfunctie valvulara
Disfunctie tiroidiana Disfunctie diastolica
Diabet FiA
Aritmie ventriculara
Bradicardie
Un IEC este recomandat la toti pacientii
cu IC simptomatica si FE=<40%
Tratamentul cu IEC imbunatateste
functia VS, calitatea vietii, reduce
spitalizarile pentru agravarea IC si
prelungeste viata
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta A
La pacientii spitalizati, tratamentul
trebuie initiat inaintea externarii
Un BRA este recomandat la toti pacientii cu
IC si FE=<40% care:
Raman simptomatici in ciuda unui tratament
optimal cu IEC si blocante
Ca alternativa pentru pacientii intoleranti la IEC
Indiferent daca pacientii sunt tratati cu un
inhibitor de ALD
Tratamentul cu BRA, imbunatateste functia
VS, calitatea vietii, reduce spitalizarile pentru
agravarea IC
Clasa de recomandare I, nivel de evidenta A
Tratamentul reduce riscul de moarte CV
Clasa de recomandare IIa, nivel de evidenta B
Edem pulmonar
Congestie pulmonara
Evaluare semne
si simptome
ECG anormal?
Gaze sanguine anormale?
Congestie Rx?
Peptide natriuretice NU
Boala cardiaca sau IC
cunoscute?
DA De considerat boala
Evaluare echo pulmonara
Normal
Anormala
IC confirmata
Planificare strategie
Evaluare tip, severitate si etiologie terapeutica
prin investigatii selectate
Imediate (UPU, TIC)
Ameliorarea simptomelor
Restabilirea oxigenarii
Imbunatatirea perfuziei si hemodinamicii
Minimalizarea sederii in reanimare
Intermediare
Stabilizarea pacientului si optimizarea strategiei
terpeutice
Initierea terapiei potrivite de salvare a vietii
De considerat utilizarea de device-uri
Minimalizarea spitalizarii
Management pe termen lung si externare
Plan strategic de urmarire
Educare si initiere a unui plan de ajustare a
stilului de viata
Acordarea de profilaxie secundara
corespunzatoare
Prevenirea re-spitalizarii precoce
Imbunatatirea calitatii vietii si supravieturirii
Tratament
simptomatic
imediat
Congestie
pulmonara DA Diuretic/vasodilatator
Crestere de FiO2
Saturatie CPAP
<95% DA Ventilatie mecanica
AV si ritm Pacing,
cardiac NU electroversie,
normale antiaritmice
Retentie hidrica Diuretic Doza/zi (mg) Comentarii
Moderata Furosemid sau 20-40 Oral sau i.v. in raport cu
simptomele
Bumetanid sau 0,5-1 Titrarea dozei in raport cu
simptomele
Torasemid 10-20 Monitorizare de K, Na,
creatinina, TA
Severa Furosemid 40-100 i.V in doze crescande mai
bine decat bolusuri in doze
foarte mari
Furosemid PEV 5-40mg/h
Bumetanid 1-4 Oral sau i.v
Torasemid 20-100 Oral
Cu alcaloza Acetazolamida 0,5 i.v
Retentie hidrica Diuretic Doza/zi (mg) Comentarii
Refractara la + HCTZ sau 50-100 Mai bine combinatii decat
diuretic de ansa doze mari de diuretic de
ansa
metolazona sau 2,5-10 MTZ mai potenta daca Cl
la creatinina<30ml/min
spironolactona 25-50 SPL cea mai buna alegere
daca functia renala este
normala si K normal sau
scazut
Refractara la + Dopamina De considerat ultrafiltrarea
diuretic de ansa (vasodilatatie sau hemodializa daca
si tiazidice renala) sau asociaza IR sau
hipoNaemie
Dobutamina
Vasodilatator Indicatie Doze Efecte Altele
nedorite
NTG Congestie Start 10- HipoTA, Toleranta
pulmonara/edem 20g/min, cefalee
TA>90mmHg creste
pana la
200g/min
Isosorbid Congestie Start HipoTA, Toleranta
dinitrate pulmonara/edem 1mg/h, cefalee
TA>90mmHg creste
pana la
10mg/h
Vasodilatator Indicatie Doze Efecte Altele
nedorite
Nitroprusiat IC cu HTA si Start cu HipoTA, Sensibil la
congestie/edem 0,3g/kg/min intoxicatie cu lumina
TA>90mmHg si creste la hipocianat
5g/kg/min
Nesiritida Congestie Bolus 2g/kg HipoTA
pulmonara/edem + PEV 0,015
TA>90mmHg 0,03g/kg/
min
Bolus Rata perfuziei
Dobutamina Nu 2 -20g/kg/min
Dopamina Nu <3g/kg/min: efect renal
3-5g/kg/min: inotrop
>5g/kg/min: vasopresor
Milrinona 25-75g/kg in 10- 0,375-0,75g/kg/min
20 min
Enoximona 0,25-0,75mg/kg 1,25-7,5g/kg/min
Bolus Rata perfuziei
Levosimendan* 12g/kg in 10 min (optional)** 0,1g/kg/min care poate fi
scazut la 0,05g/kg/min
sau crescut la 0,2g/kg/min
Norepinefrina Nu 0,2-1,0g/kg/min
Epinefrina 1mg poate fi dat i.v.in 0,05-0,5g/kg/min
timpul resuscitarii, repetat la
fiecare 3-5 min
Reference
The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on
mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the
Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study
(CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987; 316:142935.
Design
Multicenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled
Patients
253 patients with severe congestive heart failure (NYHA class IV)
and heart size >600 (men) or >500 mL/m2 (women), and receiving
a diuretic and digoxin; patients with MI in previous 2 months
excluded
Follow up and primary endpoint
Primary endpoint: all-cause mortality. Mean 188 days follow up
Treatment
Placebo or enalapril initiated at 5 mg twice daily; increased to 10 mg
twice daily after 1 week if no side effects, then to maximum 20 mg
twice daily according to clinical response
Trial halted early on recommendation of Ethical Review
Committee because of evident benefit of enalapril
Significant reduction in all-cause mortality in enalapril group
at 6 months and 1 year, with overall relative risk reduction of
27% (39 vs. 54%, P=0.003)
Reduction in mortality entirely attributed to reduction in death
due to progression of heart failure
No difference in incidence of sudden cardiac death within the
two groups
NYHA class improved in significantly higher proportion of
enalapril group (42 vs. 22%, P<0.001)
Withdrawal due to hypotension higher in enalapril group, but
overall withdrawal rate similar in the two groups
Cumulative probability of death
Probability 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Placebo
Enalapril
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Months after randomization
Placebo: 126 78 59 47 34 24 17
Enalapril: 127 98 82 73 59 42 26
No. of deaths
Placebo Enalapril
P
(n=126) (n=127)
30
20
10
0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Months
N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302
Benefits of Enalapril
Patients: Symptomatic HF patients with LVD (EF < 35%)
Increased Survival
32% at 3 months
28% at 6 months
21% at 12 months
18% at 24 months
12% at 36 months
12% at 48 months
11% reduction of overall mortality at end of study (P=0.0036)
40
30
26% Risk Reduction
20 p<0.0001
10
0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Months
N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302
SOLVD Treatment-Enalapril
Symptomatic HF Patients with LVD (EF < 35%)
(NYHA Class II-III)
200
0
971 683
Number of Hospitalizations Due to Heart failure
Implications:
Treating 1,000 patients for 3
years
Prevents about 50 deaths
Prevents about 350
hospitalizations
SOLVD Treatment Trial
Conclusions
Hospitalizations:
Risk reduced by 20% (p<0.001)
Significant reduction in CHF
hospitalization by 1/3 (p<0.0001)
Sustained benefit over 4 years
Reference
MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic
heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in
Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:20017.
Design
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled
Patients
3991 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction <0.40 and NYHA
class II-IV heart failure, stabilized by optimum standard therapy (any
combination of diuretics + ACE inhibitor)
Treatment
Patients assigned metoprolol received 12.5 (NYHA III-IV) or 25 mg
(NYHA II) once daily, increasing over 8 weeks to maximum target
dose 200 mg once daily
Study halted at mean follow up of 1 year on recommendation of
independent safety committee because predefined criteria met
and exceeded:
All-cause mortality significantly lower in metoprolol CR/XL
group (145 vs. 217, 34% risk reduction, P=0.0062)
Significantly fewer cardiovascular deaths (128 vs. 203),
sudden deaths (79 vs. 132) and death from worsening heart
failure (30 vs. 58)
3991 patients
randomized
20
Cumulative Placebo
mortality Metoprolol CR/XL
(%) 15
10
5
P = 0.0062 (adjusted for
interim analysis)
0 P = 0.00009 (nominal)
0 3 6 9 12 16 18 21
Follow up (months)
MERIT-HF Study Group. Lancet 1999;353:20017.
Relative risk for mortality
Risk
Mortality Metoprolol CR/XL better reduction P
(%)
Was well tolerated and did not increase risk in any of subgroups
analyzed
Improved survival in clinically stable patients, equating to
prevention of 1 death per 27 patients treated per year
COMET Trial
Presented at
European Heart Failure Meeting 2003
3,029 patients with Class III-IV heart failure
Enrolled at 317 centers in 15 European countries
30%
20%
10%
0%
60%
40%
20%
0%
European Heart Failure Meeting 2
Metoprolol Succinate Metoprolol Tartrate
Metoprolol-Succinate (CR/XR)
Slide Provided by: Dr. med. M. Elsner, Medizinische Klinik I, St. Josefs Hospital, Solmsstr. 15, 65189, Wiesbaden,
Germany, Tel./Fax: +49-611-177-1205. Dr. Elsner has no conflict of interest to declare.
First randomized mortality trial to compare 2 beta-blockers
in patients with CHF
Treatment with carvedilol was associated with rate of all-
cause mortality (primary endpoint) but was not associated
with difference in co-primary endpoint of all-cause mortality
or all-cause hospitalization in patients with CHF
Trial used immediate-release formulation of metoprolol
tartrate not controlled-release formulation of metoprolol
succinate used in MERIT HF trial, the main trial showing a
benefit of metoprolol compared with placebo in heart failure
patients
Purpose
To determine whether the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone
reduces mortality in patients with severe heart failure
Reference
Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al. for the Randomized
Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of
spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe
heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 70917.
Design
Multicenter, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-
controlled
Patients
1663 patients in NYHA class III/IV who had been diagnosed with
severe heart failure (NYHA class IV) <6 months previously, having
left ventricular ejection fraction <35% and receiving an ACE inhibitor,
loop diuretic and (most patients) digoxin
Treatment
Placebo or spironolactone 25 mg daily
Trial stopped early because all-cause mortality significantly
reduced in spironolactone group compared with placebo (35 vs.
46%, relative risk reduction 30%, P<0.001)
Reduction in all-cause mortality:
attributed to significant reduction in sudden death and death
due to progression of heart failure
similar across subgroups
NYHA class improved (41 vs. 33%) or was unchanged (18 vs.
21%) in higher proportion of spironolactone group and worsened
in lower proportion (48 vs. 38%), compared with placebo
(P<0.001)
Significantly more men in spironolactone group reported
gynecomastia or breast pain, compared with placebo group
Drug well tolerated as defined by withdrawal rate from trial: only
marginally higher with spironolactone
Survival
Probability of 1.00
survival Spironolactone
0.90 Placebo
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
P<0.001
0.40
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
No. at risk Months after randomization
Placebo 841 723 628 565 379 179 36
Spironolactone 822 739 669 608 419 193 43
Placebo Spironolactone
Relative risk
n=841 n=822 P
(95% CI)
Cause of death (%) (%)
Placebo Spironolactone
n=841 n=822 P
No. (%) No. (%)
* 614 men in placebo group; 603 in spironolactone group. Pitt et al. N Eng J Med 1999; 341: 70917.
In patients with severe heart failure and left ejection fraction <35%,
spironolactone reduced:
All-cause mortality
Sudden death and death due to progression of heart failure