Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland

Main controlling system. This gland makes thyroid hormone (T4) which
Pea sized gland that secretes a bunch of is the main controller of the bodys
hormones. metabolism.
Some of these hormones travel to give It acts all over the body to stimulate things: it
instructions, for example prolactin travels makes the skin sweat, the heart pump faster,
to the breast and stimulates milk and the gut move food through faster, for
production. example.
Most pituitary hormones travel to Thyroid hormone release is stimulated by TSH.
endocrine organs and tell them to secrete
their own hormones. Parathyroid Gland
An example of this is thyroid stimulating Four little glands.
hormone, travels to the thyroid gland and Butterfly shaped.
tells it to secrete thyroid hormone. Situated anterior to the thyroid gland.
The pituitary has two lobes: an anterior lobe They make parathyroid hormone
& posterior lobe. (PTH), which acts all over the place
- Anterior / Front /Adenohypophysis (bone, kidney, gut) with the ultimate
- Posterior / Back / Neurohypophysis. result of raising serum calcium.
Parathyroid hormone is not controlled
Anterior: Glandular by the pituitary, but by calcium levels:
serum calcium goes up, PTH goes
organ down.
Thyroid stimulating
1. 3 Tier Systems
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
hormone (TSH): tells the
thyroid to release its The hypothalamus
hormones tells the pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic A collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete
what to do.
hormone (ACTH): tells the hormones that regulate growth, development, and
2. The pituitary tells
adrenals to release their homeostasis.
hormones what to
hormones do.
Follicle stimulating
Adrenal glands
These are little triangular glands that sit on top of 3. The endocrines
hormone (FSH): regulates organ feed back to
the menstrual cycle the kidneys. They have a cortex (with three layers)
and a medulla. The cortex secretes three main the hypothalamus
Luteinizing hormone telling it when to
(LH): regulates the things:
Mineralocorticoids: help regulate blood pressure turn on or off.
menstrual cycle If one of the
Growth hormone (GH): Glucocorticoids: help regulate blood sugar and a
ton of other things, like immune function hormone levels get
tells cells to grow, helps to high, the organ
regulate blood sugar Sex steroids: help regulate reproductive
functions, and are important during sexual will say switch off!
Prolactin (PL): stimulates
the mammary glands to development
produce milk. Mineralocorticoids are controlled by the renin- Pancreas
angiotensin system; glucocorticoid and sex The pancreas has an
Posterior : steroid release is stimulated by ACTH. exocrine part (which
-Neural organ and stores secretes enzymes that
then releases hormones The medulla : help break down food).
that the hypothalamus Its basically a neural organ, and it releases Also has an endocrine
makes. epinephrine (adrenaline ) and part (which secretes
Oxytocin: an incredibly norepinephrine (noradrenaline) . hormones, like insulin).
cool hormone that not These are the fight or flight hormones. Insulin is a hormone that
only helps initiate Its not under pituitary control. helps get sugar into most
labour, but is involved in
cells of the body. Its
trust, monogamy, and
controlled by blood
performance on exams The pituitary is the vice president of manufacturing, who
HAHA.
sugar; when blood sugar
tells the factories what to do, and the hypothalamus is the goes up, insulin goes up.
Vasopressin: helps
CEO, which tells the pituitary how to do its job.
regulate blood pressure
Mouth/ Oral Cavity/Bucal
Three sets of salivary glands secrete into
the mouth through ducts.
The teeth and the tongue are considered
helpers or accessory organs of digestion.
The oesophagus (food pipe) which leads
from the mouth to the stomach, it is
located in the mediastinum in the thoracic
cavity, anterior to the spine and posterior
to the trachea and heart. I
The oesophagus is about 10 inches in
length; it becomes distended when food is
being passed through it.
A sphincter muscle called the cardiac
sphincter, guards the opening to the
stomach from the oesophagus; this is
called the oesophagogastric junction.
The junction or muscle relaxes to allow the
passage of food and fluids, and after the
passage is complete the muscle contacts to
prevent the backflow of food and fluids.
Stomach
Think of it like a pouch.
Located in the upper portion of abdomen, just
under the liver and diaphragm.
Stomach can hold 1500ml
Divided into three parts:
1. The fundus: Upper portion nearest to
oseophagus.
2. The body: This is the middle section.
3. Pylorus: This is the outlet leading out of the
stomach and guards the exit to duodenum.
Functions: serves as a storage area for food, begins
digestion, breaks down food into chyme a semifluid
substance and moves gastric contents into the small
intestine.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The primary function is to
digest and absorb food. This system begins in the mouth and ends in the
anus. The digestive system breaks down food and changes it. Cells use the
broken down food for chemical and mechanical processes.
Small Intestine Large Intestine
Is the longest organ of the digestive Six sections:
system. Cecum Ascending colon
20 feet in length. Transverse colon
Three major parts: duodenum, Descending colon
jejunum and ileum. Sigmoid colon
The common bile duct, the conduit for Rectum
bile and pancreatic secretions, empties Functions: Including absorbing
into the duodenum. water, secreting mucus and
Most of the digestion and absorption eliminating digestive waste.
of food takes place in the small
intestines.

Pancreas:
A somewhat flat organ that
lies behind the stomach.
Consists of head, body and
tail.
Beta cells secrete insulin to
promote carbohydrate
metabolism endocrine
function.
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
to stimulate glycongenolysis
in the liver endocrine
function.
Produce enzymes that aid in
digestion.
Endocrine System
Diagram