NETWORK IS LAID OUT EITHER PHISICALLY OR LOGICALLY. IT IS A GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF A COMPUTER NETWORK. TYPES OF TOPOLOGY BUS TOPOLOGY RING TOPOLOGY FUNDAMENTAL STAR TOPOLOGY TOPOLOGY MESH TOPOLOGY TREE TOPOLOGY HYBRIDE TOPOLOGY CELLULAR TOPOLOGY BUS TOPOLOGY
In a bus topology when a computer wants to
transmit data, it generates the data packet and along with the data packet attach a header. Header consists of source machine address destination machine address and how long the data byte is? Terminators are physical device having a resister and hence they have the capability of destroy the electrons. In this topology there exist a long cable which is known as BACK BONE CABLE and is used to link all the communicable devices in the network. Here in this topology all the computers are connected to the back bone cable by the help of small small cable known as DROP LINE CABLES. The back bone cable and the drop line cable are connected by the help of T-CONNECTOR. On the both end of the back bone cable TERMINATORS are attached. In this topology the data transmission technique is known as CSMA(CSMA- Carrier Sense Multiple Access). According to this technique any computer who wants to transmit data will first check the back bone cable. If the back bone cable is free it can start transmitting. But if found busy they will keep on sensing till the back bone cable is free. After data is transmitted the extra datas are terminated (destroyed by the terminator). If two or more computers want to transmit data at the same instants of time it results in to data collision, about which source computer have no information. To avoid this disadvantage CSMA/CD (CSMA/CD- Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) technique was developed. According to this technique any computer who wants to transmit data will sense the back bone cable twice. Before transmitting the data and again after transmitting the data. Second time when it is sensing if they detect a high voltage in the back bone cable, then they will jump to the conclusion that data has collided. And Hence they will wait for a random period of time and then again they will sense and retransmit. Hence in this manner next time there is very less chance of data collision. But in both CSMA and CSMA/CD technique data collision is there. Disadvantages: Data collision Slow data transmission rate If any where the cable break occurs then the total network fails Advantages: One and only advantage of this topology is low cost of implementation as compared to any other higher topology. RING TOPOLOGY
In this topology each device has a dedicated point to
point line configuration only with the two device on either side of it. A signal passes along the ring in one direction from one device to another until it reaches to its destination. In this topology the data transmission technique is known as TOKEN RING. This is because there exist a logical signal known as TOKEN . Any computer who wants to transmit data can only transmit if he/she is holding the token. In whole ring topology there exist only one token. Here there is no chance of data collision. when at a single instant of a time more than one computer want to transmit, data cant be transmitted because at a time token can be used only by any one computer. But if the ring cable breaks then the total network fails. To overcome the cable break problem DUAL RING concept was developed. Token rotation time (TRT) is the total time limit how long a token can take to complete a full rotation as the size of the ring is fixed. Hence the token rotation time is fixed. Token holding time (THT) is the total time limit how long a machine can use the token and it is fixed for all the computer present in the network and it is minimum double of token rotation time. THT=2XTRT DUAL RING TOPOLOGY According to this technique each computer is attached with two rings. One is known as primary ring, other one is known as secondary ring. When the primary ring is working fine secondary ring is not used for data transmission. When the primary ring fails token is shifted to the secondary ring for data transmission. If both the rings fail at the same time and at the same place then dual ring behaves like a single ring and the network dosent fail. But suppose if both the rings fail at the same time into different location then dual ring technology fails which is a very rare chance. Hence the main disadvantage which we find in both the ring topology is slower data transmission rate. STAR TOPOLOGY
TYPES OF HUB TYPES OF SWITCH
4 PORT HUB 4 PORT SWITCH 8 PORT HUB 8 PORT SWITCH 16 PORT HUB 16 PORT SWITCH 24 PORT HUB 24 PORT SWITCH 48 PORT SWITCH STAR TOPOLOGY In star topology each device has a dedicated point to point link only to the central controller usually called HUB (Horizontal Universal Bus). It is known as horizontal because of its shape and universal because any kind of communicable device you can directly connect to the HUB and bus because it only act like a carrier. In star topology we can also use SWITCH. Switch is nothing but it is an intelligent Hub. Switch is intelligent because it is having an small temporary storage area known as BUFFER. Buffer stores the information which computer is connected to which port and hence it can transmit data directly to the destination computer. Hence in star topology we can use a switch/hub. Initially when power supply is just given to a switch, it behaves likes an hub. But once the buffer get feel switch becomes intelligent hub. And this feeling of buffer is done in some micro nanoseconds. Advantages Faster data transfer rate. Less number of cable used. It is robust, i.e. if one link fails only that computer attached to that link is fail, all other links remains active. Disadvantage If the network connector hub/switch fails then the total network fails. MESH TOPOLOGY In mesh topology all the devices has a dedicated point to point link to every other device. The term dedicated means that the link carries signal only between the two device it connects. A fully connected mesh network there fore has n(n-1)/2 physical link to link n devices to accommodate that many links every device on the network must have n-1 I/O ports. Advantages It is the fastest topology as compared to any other. It is robust. If one link becomes unusable it doesnt affect the entire system Disadvantages The one and only disadvantage of the mesh topology is practical implementation in a big network. We cant implement mesh topology in a network where more than 10 computers are present. SWITCH HYBRID TOPOLOGY Often network combine several topology as sub network linked together in a large network for instants one department of a business may have decided to use a bus topology, while another department has a ring topology. If we connect these two departments via a network connector forming a star topology and the total network now called as HYBRID TOPOLOGY. The advantages and disadvantages of this topology is same as advantages and disadvantages of all other topologies. PRIMARY HUB
SECONDARY SECONDARY SECONDARY
HUB HUB HUB TREE TOPOLOGY In tree topology which is a variation of star topology. As in star computers in a tree are linked to a network connector called secondary hub. And all the secondary hubs/switch are intern connected to the primary hub. The secondary and primary hub may be active or passive. A passive hub provides a simple physical connection between the attached devices where as a active hub along with providing connectivity can also regenerate signals. Because it is having repeater ckt inbuilt. The advantage and disadvantage of tree topology is saying as those of star. But due to addition of secondary hubs the added advantage we get is any of the hub fails then the total network is not failing only the computers attached with that particular device will fail. CELLULAR TOPOLOGY Cellular topology which is design to establish a communication between mobile unit and mobile unit or between mobile unit and stationary. In cellular topology which is compared as wireless tree topology because here MTSO is acting like an primary hub and CELL OFFICES act like an secondary hub and to the secondary hub communicable devices (mobiles) are connected. As it is a mobile communication if a user while talking moves from one cell office to another cell office the MTSO automatically shift the voice channel carrying the voice from old cell office to new cell office. This automatic shifting off voice channel is known as HANDOFF. HANDOFF is perform so smoothly that always it is transferent to the user. In mobile communication any user can talk with any other user only by help of voice channels and which can only be given by MTSO. The advantages and disadvantages of this cellular topology is same as that of tree topology.