Introduction to Tourism and the

Hospitality Management
 Tourism is a dynamic, evolving, consumer-
driven force and is the worlds largest industry
if all of its interrelated components are placed
under one umbrella, travel, lodging, food
service, and recreation.
Tourism comprises the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment.
 The world travel and tourism council declares the
travel and tourism industry to have the following
characteristics:
A twenty-four-hour-a-day, seven-day-a-week, fifty-
two-week-a-year economic driver
Accounted for GDP
Employer for global workforce
Travel and tourism will support the creation of jobs
per year
Spending local and international tourism
Leading producer of tax revenues
 Factors that affect Tourism Industry
a. The opening of boarders
b. An increase in disposable income and
vacations
c. Cheaper and more exclusive flights
d. An increase in the number of people
with more time and money
e. More people with the urge to travel
 Categories of Factors that affects Tourism industry
1. Geography: International, regional, national, state,
provincial, country, city
2. Ownership: Government, quasi-government, private
3. Function: Regulators, suppliers, marketers,
developers, consultants, researchers, educators, publishers,
professional associations, trade organizations, consumer
organizations
4. Industry : Transportation (air, bus, rail, auto, cruise),
travel agents, tour wholesalers, lodging, attractions,
recreation
5. Motive: Profit or nonprofit
 Five Stages of Tourism
 Pre-Industrial Revolution
Phoenicians were among the first real travellers in
any modern sense. In both Mediterranean basin and
the Orient, travel was motivated by trade. However,
trade was not the only motivation for travel in these
times; commerce and the search for more plentiful
food supplies also stimulated trave.
Roman empire provided safe passage for travellers
via a vast road system that stretched from Egypt to
Britain. Wealthy Romans travelled to Egypt and Greece,
to baths, shrines, and seaside resorts. The Roman were
as curious as modern day tourist.
 The Railway Age
Prior to the advent of rail travel, tourists had to journey by
horse and carriage. By comparison, the railway was more efficient,
less costly, and more comfortable. Resorts communities cam e
within the reach of a larger segment of the population in North
America and Europe. The Railroads brought changes in lodging
industry, as traverns along the turnpikes gave way to hotels near
the railway stations.
The First railroad was built in the Unites States in 1830, but
only twenty-three miles of rail were laid by the end of that year. In
contrast, by 1860, there were 30,626 miles of track. In 1869, rail
journey across America was made possible by the transcontinental
connection, which enabled the journey to be completed in six days.
Before that, such a journey took several months by wagon or
several weeks by clipper ships rounding Cape Horn, South America.
 Automobile Travel
Automobiles evolved from steam engines in the
late 1800s, when Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler built a
factory for internal combustion engines, which is now
Mercedes Benz.
In 1891, the production of automobiles began in
large numbers. Before long, Henry Ford produced his
first vehicles and invented the techniques for making
automobiles on an assembly line. By 1914, Henry Ford
was producing one Model-T Ford every twenty-four
seconds. The assembly line production continues today
with the additional help of robots.
 Air Travel (Jet Aircrafts)
The Wright brothers, who enjoyed the hobby
of gliding, decide to fit an engine to one of their
gliders with movable fins and wingtip controls. To
find an engine light enough, they had to build
their own. In 1903, they tested their thirteen-
horsepower engine. On the first run it lifted the
crafts in the air for twelve seconds and covered a
distance of 120 feet.
 American and European representatives met again in
Bermuda Agreement, by which countries exchanged benefits,
was to later become a model for bilateral negotiations. The
six freedoms of the air agreed upon in Bermuda were as
follows:
1. The right to fly across another nations territory
2. The right to land in another country for non-
commercial purposes
3. The right to disembark passengers and cargo from the
carriers home country in a foreign country.
4. The right to pick up passengers and cargo destined for
the carriers home country from a foreign country
5. The right to transport passengers and cargo from on a
foreign country to another foreign country.
6. The right of an airplane to carry traffic from a foreign
country to the home nation of that airline and beyond to
another foreign country.

 The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

Air transportation changed dramatically in
1978. Deregulation transferred the responsibility for
airline activity to the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) and the Department of Transportation (DOT). The
purpose of the Airline Deregulation Act was allow free-
market competition whereby airlines could decide
their own fare structures and rates. Deregulation
resulted in retrenchment of major air carriers, new
airlines, lower airfares, and mega carriers.
 The Hub-and-Spoke System
The Hub and- spoke system enables
passengers to travel from one smaller city to another
smaller city via a hub or even two hubs. Similarly,
passengers may originate their travel from a small city and
use the hub to reach connecting flights to destinations
throughout the world.
The hub-and-spoke system has two main
benefits:
1. Airlines can service more cities at a lower
cost, and
2. Airlines can maximize passenger loads from
small cities , their by saving fuels
 Cruise Ships
Being on a cruise ship is like being on a floating
resort. Accommodations range from luxurious suites to
cabins that are even smaller than most hotel rooms.
Attractions and distractions range from early morning
workouts to fabulous meals, with nightlife consisting of
dancing, cabarets, and possibly gambling. Day life
might involve relaxation, visits to the beauty parlor,
organized games, or simply reclining in a deck chair by
the pool reading a novel. Nonstop entertainment
includes language lessons, charm classes, port-of-call
briefings, cooking, dances, bridge, table tennis,
shuffleboard, and more.
 The Travel Agencies
A Travel agent is a middleperson who acts as
a travel counsellor and sells on behalf of airlines,
cruise lines, rail and bus transportation, hotels,
and auto rental companies. Agents may sell
individual parts of the overall system or several
elements, such as air and cruise tickets. The agent
acts as broker, bringing together the client
(buyer) and the supplier (seller). An agent has
quick access to schedules, fares, and advice for
clients about various destinations.
 Agents ways of serving the clients:
1. Arranging transportation by air, sea, rail, bus,
car rental, etc.
2. Preparing individual itineraries, personally
escorted tours, group tours, and prepared
package tours.
3. Arranging for hotel, motel, and escort
accommodations; meals; sightseeing tours;
transfer of passengers and luggage between
terminals and hotels; and special features such as
tickets for music festivals, the theatre, etc.
 4. Handling and advising on many details involved
with travel, such as insurance, travellers checks,
foreign currency exchange, documentary
requirements, and immunization and other
inoculations.
5. Using professional know-how and experience
(e.g. schedules of air, train and bus connections,
rates of hotels, quality of accommodations, etc.)
6. Arranging reservations for special interest
activities, such as group tours, conventions,
business travel, gourmet tours, sporting trips, etc
 Corporate Travel Manager
Is a type of entrepreneur working within
the framework of a large corporation. For
example, Mitsubishi Electronics, in Cypress
California, was spending about $4 million for
travel and entertainment.