Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1
Ciclul oxigenului
2
Rezervaore de oxigen reactiv
oxigenul atmosferic 21 % din aer;
oxigenul din dioxidul de carbon atmosferic
0,034 % din aer;
apa;
azotiii i azotaii;
materia organic.
3
Rezervoarele de oxigen inert: oxizii i sulfaii
din roci, care conin mai mult oxigen dect
aerul atmosferic.
4
Oxigenul este elementul esenial pentru
majoritatea organismelor, deoarece
intervine n procesul de respiraie.
6
Secolul actual este caracterizat de o serie de
activiti antropice care intervin brutal n
echilibrul oxigenului, fiind consumatoare de
oxigen.
7
Avnd n vedere faptul c dioxidul de carbon
reprezint un procent de 0,034 % din aer,
echilibrul acestuia poate fi mult mai uor
perturbat.
8
Coninutul de oxigen din atmosfer a crescut
continuu de-a lungul timpului, dup apariia
primelor organisme care au fost capabile
s realizeze scindarea apei n procese de
fotosintez.
9
10
.
11
Pentru meninerea constant a
concentraiei de oxigen n atmosfer,
este necesar s existe un echilibru
ntre cantitatea de oxigen consumat
i cantitatea de oxigen generat n
atmosfer.
12
Etape ale ciclului
oxigenului
13
Etape ale ciclului
oxigenului
14
Etape ale ciclului
oxigenului
15
Fotosinteza
16
Fotosinteza
17
Fotosinteza
Fotosinteza este procesul de fixare a
dioxidului de carbon din atmosfer sau
ap de ctre:
19
Fotosinteza
20
Fotosinteza
21
Fotosinteza
Materia vegetal format n urma
fotosintezei st la baza lanului trofic
asigurnd sursa de hran pentru
erbivore (consumatori primari) n
piramida trofic, care la rndul lor
reprezint surs de hran pentru
animalele carnivore (consumatori
secundari i alte carnivore mai mari -
consumatori teriari).
22
Fotosinteza
24
Fotosinteza
26
Fotosinteza
27
Fotosinteza
http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/default.html29
Fotosinteza
30
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/photosyn/index.html
Fotosinteza
31
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss3/photosyn/index.html
Alturi de glucoz, care este produsul principal
al fotosintezei se formeaz substane organice
complexe inclusiv grsimi, proteine i alte
zaharuri.
Zaharurile solubile n ap sunt utilizate de ctre
plante imediat, pentru furnizarea energiei.
32
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
Zaharurile insolubile (amidonul) este
nmagazinat n diferite pri ale plantei
(frunze, rdcini, fructe) de unde pot fi
utilizate de ctre plant, dac este necesar
pentru furnizare de energie.
Celuloza este utilizat pentru construcia
pereilor rigizi ai plantei.
33
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
Materia organic format n urma procesului de
fotosintez continu ciclul biochimic, o mic
parte este utilizat ca hran de ctre
organisme, iar mare parte sfrete prin
reintegrare n sol, printr-un proces de
fermentare aerob (cnd se formeaz humus)
sau anaerob, dac nu exist condiii de
aerare insuficient. Materia organic
descompus n condiii anaerobe st la baza
zcmintelor de crbune, iei i gaze
naturale.
34
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
Procesul de degradare aerob a produselor
vegetale, mpreun cu deeuri de materiale cu
coninut bogat n carbon (compui de origine
vegetal, deeuri de hrtie, materiale plastice
degradabile, resturi alimentare, tala de lemn,
etc) cunoscut de 4000 de ani n China, se
numete compostare i reprezint o metod
ecologic de reciclare a deeurilor menionate
anterior.
35
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
n straturile superioare ale atmosferei radiaiile
ultraviolete produc reacii de disociere
(fotodisociere) ale moleculelor de ap, cnd
se formeaz oxigen i hidrogen molecular.
2H2O 2H2 + O2
36
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
Cantitatea de oxigen produs prin fotodisociere,
de circa 2106 t/an este mult mai mic n
comparaie cu cea produs prin fotosintez,
de aceea se consider fotosinteza ca fiind
principala surs de oxigen.
37
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
Procesele consumatoare de oxigen care
intervin n ciclul oxigenului sunt mult mai
numeroase. O parte dintre acestea sunt
procese naturale, n care oxigenul este
consumat de ctre organismele vii i
plante pentru procese de respiraie i
fermentaie.
38
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html
Corelaia dintre
fotosintez i respiraie
http://home.nyu.edu/~pet205/oxygen.html http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~dcp/bio113a/ch910comp.html
39
Importana
Fotosintezei
Glucoza este sursa principal de energie
pentru toate organismele vii.
Animalele i plantele sintetizeaz grsimi i
proteine din carbohidrai.
Oxigenul eliminat prin fotosintez este vital
pentru procesele de respiraia plantelor i
animalelor.
Prin respiraie se produce dioxidul de carbon
necesar fotosintezei.
http://www.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry?id=37276
40
Principala caracteristic a ciclului
oxigenului este dependena acestuia
de ciclul dioxidului de carbon, prin
intermediul plantelor.
Rata de schimb a oxigenului atmosferic
este relativ crescut, astfel, plantele
produc anual 1/2000 din cantitatea
total a oxigenului din atmosfer.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html41
Respiraia
Pana aici 10
martie
42
Respiraia
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html43
Oxigenul intervine de asemenea n procesele de
fermentaie i de descompunere a
materialelor organice.
Procesele de fermentaie sunt de mai multe
feluri, n funcie de microorganismele
implicate i de modul n care se asigur
suportul biochimic al procesului.
Produii finali de fermentaie sunt diveri, astfel
se pot obine alcooli, gaz metan, acid lactic
etc.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html44
Oxigenul particip de asemenea la o serie
de reacii fotochimice, n urma crora,
unul dintre produii importani de
reacie este ozonul.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html45
Ozonul
46
Ozonul
47
http://www.comune.ro/files/CICLUL-OZONULUI--ozone-cycl.gif
Activitile antropice intervin n echilibrul
circuitului oxigenului n atmosfer, deoarece
implic un consum nsemnat de oxigen.
Procesele cele mai mari consumatoare de
oxigen le regsim n: transporturi, deoarece
toate mijloacele de transport propulsate cu
motoare termice au nevoie de oxigen pentru
funcionare; n industria energetic pentru
obinerea curentului electric n termocentrale, la
obinerea agentului termic n centralele termice.
48
n urma proceselor de ardere se
formeaz, n principal dioxid de carbon
i ap:
Combustibili + O2 CO2 + H2O
alturi de cenu, oxizi de azot i oxizi
de sulf n concentraii care depind de
natura i proveniena combustibililor
fosili.
49
Industria siderurgic este de
asemenea un mare consumator de
oxigen i o surs de contaminare cu
oxizi de azot i oxizi de sulf.
50
Industria chimic folosete de asemenea o
cantitate nsemnat de oxigen din aer n
procese oxidative. De exemplu, pentru
fabricarea acidului sulfuric, sunt posibile
urmtoarele reacii n etapa de formarea a
dioxidului de sulf:
S + O2 SO2
H2S + O2 SO2 + H2
4FeS2 + 11O2 8SO2 + 2Fe2O3
51
Oxigenul n litosfer
52
Oxigenul n litosfer
Majoritatea mineralelor din scoara
terestr au n compoziie silicai,
aproximativ 95% din scoara
terestr, sub form de:
roci magmatice (granitul, bazaltul
etc);
rocile metamorfice.
rocile sedimentare (nisipuri poate
conine peste 95 % SiO2, pietriuri
etc). 53
Oxigenul n litosfer
Majoritatea compuilor oxigenai
sunt caracterizai de o mare
stabilitate. Oxigenul din aceti
compui se consider inert
n cursul transformrilor din cadrul
ciclului biogeochimic, gruprile
oxoanion sufer transformri
minore.
54
Oxigenul n litosfer
Procesele care au loc n prezena
oxigenului pot conduce la creterea
solubilitii unor compui din sol;
prin oxidarea sulfurilor are loc
formarea unor sulfai, care sunt mai
solubili.
55
Oxigenul n litosfer
n alte situaii prin oxidare are loc
scderea solubilitii:
prin oxidarea ionilor divaleni de fier
sau mangan are loc formarea oxizilor
de Fe (III) sau Mn (IV), mai puin
solubili.
56
Ciclul oxigenului
The end
http://www.alfavega.ro/ro/produse/detalii/608-Circuitul_oxigenului_in_natura 57
58
* Ozone is a very reactive gas, and even at low
concentrations it is irritation and toxic and occurs
naturally in small amounts in the Earths upper
atmosphere, and in the air of the loser atmosphere after a
lightning storm.
*The ozone molecule is also unstable and when
ultraviolet light hits ozone it splits into a molecule O2 and
an atom of atomic oxygen, a continuing process called the
ozone-oxygen cycle, thus creating an ozone later in the
stratosphere.
*The ozone layer in a concentration of ozone in the
stratosphere. in which, there is about 90% of the planets
ozone
59
OZONE LAYER
60
61
What does it do?
62
How is Ozone formed?
63
.-*RESPIRATION*-.
64
How oxygen enters the
body
Oxygen enters the respiratory system
through the nose and the mouth. It
passes through a number of tubes that
lead into the lungs. Oxygen in the lungs
divides into many small tubes surrounded
by blood vessels where Oxygen diffuses
through the wall of the lungs and into the
bloodstream.
65
.-Cellular Respiration-.
66
.-Steps of Cellular
Respiration-.
The first step of aerobic respiration is
glycolysis. Glycolysis is used to make six
molecules of CO2. A total of 18 molecules of
oxygen are needed in the reaction to produce
the CO2. The next step is the Krebs cycle,
which occurs only when Oxygen is present.
The products of this step are two molecules of
ATP(energy), and molecules that play a role in
producing energy in the next step, which is
electron transport.
67
Cellular Respiration
C H O +6O =6CO +6H O +Energy
6 12 6 2 2 2
68
.-Electron Transport-.
70
411 ON OXYGEN
Oxygen is a highly reactive,
colorless and odorless gas.
It began appearing on earth
roughly 3 billion years ago.
The most abundant element in
the earth's crust.
The second most abundant
element in the earth's
atmosphere.
89% of the mass of the ocean
is oxygen.
Oxygen is commonly noted as
a molecule of two oxygen
atoms or located in carbon
dioxide, carbohydrates and 71
water.
OXYGEN CONTINUED
Oxygen found in the atmosphere
is biogenic meaning it was The Oxygen Cycle is a
released from water by combination of material
exchanges among the
photosynthesis performed by
atmosphere and living
autotrophs. The 21% oxygen organisms located at either
content of atmosphere today the earth's surface or in the
took 2 billion years for ocean.
autotrophs to raise. The oxygen released into the
It enabled the creation of atmosphere by autotrophs
complex organisms such as (mostly cyanobacteria) during
multicellular animals, whom need photosynthesis. Then
a large amount of oxygen to consumed by both autotrophs
and heterotrophs during
survive.
respiration. 72
http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/ecosystem.html -
TheOxygenCycle11
THE ATMOSPHERE
A RESERVOIR OF OXYGEN
The atmosphere itself is a large
reservoir, 1019 moles, but an
even larger reservoir exists in
sedimentary rocks.
The largest reservoir of oxygen,
the atmosphere has the longest
turnover time.
The reservoir is ~200-fold
greater and has a turnover time
>106-fold longer than the next
biggest reservoirs.
Oxygen may be chemically
combined in these reservoirs
whereas in the atmosphere it's
free.http://www.ess.uci.edu/~reeburgh/fig2.html
73
THE PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN
Solar radiation decomposes water into H and OH.
Carbon monoxide and OH give CO2 back again plus
H.
The OH can give water and monatomic oxygen, and
the monatomic oxygen together with a third species
(M) can produce diatomic oxygen and hydrogen
which could then escape.
In process of producing oxygen plants absorb CO2
in the green plant cycle and converted atmospheric
nitrogen to plant nitrogen.
http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:pvgsmyUJYqoJ:www.iitap.iastate.edu/gccourse/chem/evol/oxygen.html++the+oxygen+cycle+informations&
hl=en&start=1&ie=UTF-8
74
OXYGEN AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
100 mya two processes began to occur: first, nitrogen could
be fixed, and secondly CO2 could be absorbed by plants, such
as green algae. From this resulted oxygen which continued to
expand biological activity.
Next ocean plants began to appear, next land, then ocean
animals followed by land animals.
Land animals did not exist until an increase in the
concentration of oxygen had taken place and the atmosphere
was able to feed cells by the process of diffusion.
http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:pvgsmyUJYqoJ:www.iitap.iastate.edu/gccourse/chem/evol/oxygen.html++the+oxygen+cycle+informations&hl=en&start=1&ie=UT
F-8
75
OTHER SOURCES OF OXYGEN
The weathering of rocks is a source of gaining oxygen for the
atmosphere.
Photolysis, the breakdown of of water vapor by sunlight and
release of hydrogen also adds oxygen to the atmosphere.
Finally, a small amount of O2 is gained by the atmosphere
when water vapor is broken down by sunlight (), with
hydrogen released to space in the process.
Ocean sediments are also a source of oxygen due to their
capability for long-term storage of organic carbon which
prevents oxidation.
Burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) is the opposite, it
reduces the amount of oxygen.
http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:pvgsmyUJYqoJ:www.iitap.iastate.edu/gccourse/chem/evol/oxygen.html++the+oxygen+cycle+informations&hl=en
&start=1&ie=UTF-8 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/keelin01/node1.html -
SECTION00010000000000000000
http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/ecosystem.html - TheOxygenCycle11
http://www.ess.uci.edu/~reeburgh/fig2.html
http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:pvgsmyUJYqoJ:www.iitap.iastate
.edu/gccourse/chem/evol/oxygen.html++the+oxygen+cycle+information
s&hl=en&start=1&ie=UTF-8
http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:pvgsmyUJYqoJ:www.iitap.iastate
.edu/gccourse/chem/evol/oxygen.html++the+oxygen+cycle+information
s&hl=en&start=1&ie=UTF-8
http://216.239.33.104/search?q=cache:pvgsmyUJYqoJ:www.iitap.iastate
.edu/gccourse/chem/evol/oxygen.html++the+oxygen+cycle+information
s&hl=en&start=1&ie=UTF-8
http://www.purchon.com/biology/aerobic.htm
http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa090601a.htm
77