ANGLE MODULATION

1
 Introduction
Another class of modulation methods are frequency and
phase modulation which referred to as angle-
modulation methods.
In frequency-modulation (FM), the frequency of a
carrier wave is changed by the message signal.
In phase-modulation (PM) , the phase of the carrier is
changed according to the variations in the message
signal.

2
 Introduction
For all AM modulation schemes
Modulated spectrum is the frequency translated message
spectrum
Transmission BW never exceeds twice the message BW
In Angle modulation
Modulated spectrum is not a translated copy of the
message spectrum.
T ransmission BW is usually much greater than twice the
message BW.
The major benefit of the FM and PM modulation is their high
degree of noise immunity.
3
 Introduction
Consider a sinusoid, Ac cos (ct+)
where Ac is the (constant) amplitude, c is the (constant)
frequency and is the initial phase.

In the AM modulation,
the condition that Ac be a constant is relaxing and the
amplitude become a function of the message signal m(t).
the frequency and the phase remain constant and dont
change or effect by the m(t).

4
 Introduction
In the FM and PM modulation,
Ac is a constant
but ct+, instead of being constants it will be a function of
m(t).
We must extend the concept of a sinusoid to a generalized
function whose frequency vary with time

5
 Generalized Sinusoidal Signal
Let us consider a generalized sinusoidal signal given as

Ac cos ((t))
where the (t) is the instantaneous angle and is a function of t.

The generalized angle for the conventional sinusoid

Ac cos (ct+) is (t) = ct+

6
 Angle Modulated signal
So for angle modulation, the modulated carrier represented
by
Sangle_mod(t) = Ac cos ((t) )
where Ac is a constant amplitude and (t) is a function of
the message signal m(t).
We define the instantaneous radian frequency of the angle
modulated wave i(t) as:
d (t )
i (t )
dt

7
8
 Phase Modulation (PM)
In phase modulation the angle is varied linearly with the
message signal m(t) as
(t) = ct + kp m(t)
where kp is the phase deviation or sensitivity constant.
Thus the phase modulated signal is defined as:

SPM(t) = Ac cos (ct + kp m(t) )

The instantaneous radian frequency of SPM(t) is
d m(t )
i (t ) c k p
dt

9
 Example
If the message signal m(t) = a cos (mt) is used to phase
modulate the carrier Ac cos (ct)
Find the PM modulated signal

SPM(t) = Ac cos (ct + a kp cos (mt) )

10
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
In frequency modulation the angle is varied linearly with the
integral of message signal m(t) as t
(t ) c t k f m( ) d

where kf is the frequency deviation or sensitivity constant.
Thus the frequency modulated signal is defined as:
t
S FM (t ) Ac cos c t k f m( ) d

The instantaneous radian frequency of SFM(t) is

i (t ) c k f m(t )

11
 Example
If the message signal m(t) = a cos (mt) is used to phase
modulate the carrier Ac cos (ct)
Find the FM modulated signal

a kf
SFM (t) A c cos (c t sin (m t) )
m

12
 Example
In a frequency modulation process
m(t) be a periodic triangular wave with mmax(t) =1 and
mmin(t)=-1
the carrier frequency is 100 kHz
kf = 104 Hz/volt
find the maximum and minimum values of the instantaneous
frequency
fi_max(t) = 100 *103 + 104 * 1= 100 *103 + 104 =110 kHz
fi_min(t) = 100 *103 + 104 * -1 = 100 *103 - 104 =90 kHz

13
 The Relationship Between FM and PM
There is a close relation between FM and PM modulations.
An FM modulated wave can be generated by first integrating
the message signal m(t) with respect to time t and thus using
the resulting signal as the input to a phase modulation.
A PM modulated wave can be generated by first
differentiating m(t) with respect to time t and then using the
resulting signal as the input to a frequency modulator

14
15
 Bandwidth
The FM modulated wave is not band-limited. It has an
infinite bandwidth and is not related to the modulating signal
spectrum in any simple way, as was the case in AM
modulation.
Although the theoretical bandwidth of an FM wave is infinite,
the most of the modulated signal power resides in a finite
bandwidth.
There are two distinct possibilities in terms of bandwidth:
narrow-band FM and wide-band FM.

16
 Single-Tone Frequency Modulation
Consider a sinusoidal modulating signal defined as
m(t) = Am cos( 2 fm t)

So, the instantaneous frequency (in Hertz) of the FM signal is

fi(t) =fc + kf Am cos( 2 fm t) = fc + f cos( 2 fm t)
where f is called the frequency deviation given by f =kf Am

The resultant FM signal is

Am kf
SFM (t) A c cos (2f c t sin (2f m t) )
fm

Am kf f
is the modulation index
fm fm
17
 Single-Tone Frequency Modulation
The frequency deviation factor indicates the amount of frequency
change in the FM signal from the carrier frequency fc on either
side of it.
Thus FM signal will have the frequency components between (fc -
f ) to (fc +f ).
The modulation index, represents the phase deviation of the FM
signal and is measured in radians.
Depending on the value of , FM signal can be classified into two
types:
1. Narrow band FM ( << 1) and
2. Wide band FM ( >> 1).
18
19