COMPOSITE

STRUCTURES
General
Steel and concrete
These two materials complete one
another:
Concrete is efficient in compression and steel in
tension

Concrete encasement restrain steel against

buckling

Protection against corrosion and fire

Steel bring ductility into the structure

General

Aspects for using composite

structures:
Architectural

Economical

Functionality

Service and Flexibility

Assembly
Aspects for using composite
structures

Architectural:
Longer spans

Thinner slabs

More slender column

More generous opportunities for

design
Aspects for using composite
structures
Economical:
Reduction of height reduces the total of
the building --> saving area of cladding
Longer spans with the same height
--> column free rooms
Additional storeys with the same
total height of building
Quicker time of erection:
Saving costs, earlier completion of the building

Lower financing costs

Ready for use earlier thus increasing
rental income
Aspects for using composite
structures

Functionality:
Fire protection by using principles of reinforced
concrete in which the concrete protects the steel
Aspects for using composite
structures

Service and building flexibility:

Adaptable structures
Modification during the life of the building

Modify services without violating the privacy of

other occupants
Accommodation of service facilities
in the ceiling
within a false floor
in a coffer box running along the walls
Aspects for using composite
structures
Assembly:
Working platforms of steel decking
Permanent shuttering
Reinforcement of profiled steel sheetings
Speed and simplicity of construction
Quality controlled products ensure greater accuracy
 Construction methods

Traditionally two counteracting methods of

construction could be observed both connected with
special advantages but also disadvantages worth
mentioning.
Conventional concrete Construction in steel
construction method
+ freedom of form and + high ratio between bearing
shapes capacity and weight
+ easy to handle + prefabrication

+ thermal resistance + high accuracy

- time-consuming shuttering - low fire resistance

- sensitive on tensile forces - need of higher educated

personal
 Construction methods

Composite Construction

comparing these two methods a combination of both

presents the most economic way

+ higher bearing capacity

+ higher stiffness

+ plastic redistribution
Construction elements

composite slab

composite beam
composite column floor = beam + slab
 Construction elements

Composite slabs

Reinforced concrete slab

in-situ concrete on shuttering partially prefabricated slabs fully prefabricated slabs

Construction elements

Slabs

Pre-stressed concrete slabs

Construction elements

Slabs
Profile steel sheeting
Interlock between steel and concrete

mechanical
frictional

end anchorage
Construction elements

Beams
Conventionaland innovative
composite beams
Construction elements

Beams
Types of shear connectors
Construction elements

Columns
Examples of composite columns
Construction elements

Joints
Exampleof vertical shear transfer
between beam and column
bracket for the lower flange
reinforcement removed after concreting

weld seam contact piece

bracket with shear connectors

shot-fired nails
Examples

Millennium Tower (Vienna - Austria)

55 storeys
Total height 202 m
Total ground floor 38000 m2
Capital expenditure about 145 million Euro
Time of erection: 8 months
Examples

Millennium Tower (Vienna - Austria)

42,342,3
m m

Concrete slab
Concrete core

Composite Slim floor beams

Composite frame
Composite columns
Examples

Millennium Tower (Vienna - Austria)

Total time of connstruction: 8 month

max. speed 2 to 2.5 storeys per week!
Examples

Citibank Duisburg (Duisburg - Germany)

15 storeys
Total height 72 m
Total ground floor 14500 m2
Examples

Parking deck DEZ (Innsbruck - Austria)

4 storeys
Ground dimensions 60 x 30 m
Max. span length 10.58 m with
26 cm slim floor slab (= l/40)
Examples

Parking deck DEZ (Innsbruck - Austria)

Erection of composite columns over 2 storeys

Assembly of prefabricated concrete slabs
Examples

Parking deck DEZ (Innsbruck - Austria)

200
260
60

Cross section of the slim-floor beam and slab

-200 mm concrete slab
-60 mm prefabricated concrete elements
-steel beam: web 165/20 mm
flange 245/40 mm
-headed studs: 22 mm
Concluding summary

Composite construction is popular

for buildings because of following
aspects:
Economy
Architecture
Functionality
Service and building flexibility
Assembly