Algorithmics

CT065-3.5-3

Level 3 Computing (Software Engineering)

Introduction
 Welcome to the module
ALGORITHMICS

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 Todays Lecture

Overview of Course
Brief Introduction

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 Getting Started.

Given a certain problem, how do

you solve it with computer ?

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 Getting Started.

Given a certain problem, how do

you solve it with computer ?

design algorithms

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 Getting Started.

Given a certain problem, how do

you solve it with computer ?

design algorithms
relatively easy
required cleverness (efficient)

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 Design

Designing anything is an art.

Some are creative and cant be taught

But some are involved with

well defined design techniques

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 Design

Designing anything is an art.

Some are creative and cant be taught

But some are involved with

well defined design techniques

Goal

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 Module Main Goal

At the end of this course you

will be able to solve algorithm
design problem that you may
encounter later in your life
efficiently .

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 Pre-requisite

Programming Knowledge
Data Structures
Discrete Mathematics
Our approach is analytical
build mathematical model
design & study properties of algorithm on this model

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 Expectations from you

Punctual and regular attendance

Participation with curiosity in class

Enthusiastic involvement in group work

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 Available Resources

Consultation hours

Library and Internet Resources

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 Recommended Texts
Introduction to Algorithms 3rd Edition by Thomas Cormen,
Charles Leiserson ISBN :9780262533058

Data Structures and Algorithms in Java 3rd Edition, M T

Goodrich, R Tamassia, WILEY 2004, ISBN: 0471-46983-1

Computer Algorithms Introduction to Design & Analysis, S

Baase, A V Gelder, ADDISON, WESLEY 2000, ISBN:
0201612445

Fundamentals of Algorithmics, G Brassard, P Bratley,

PRENTICE-HALL 1996, ISBN:0-13-335068-1

Introduction to Graph Theory 2nd Edition, D B West,

PEARSON HIGHER EDUCATION 2000, ISBN: 0-13-
0144400-2

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 Assessment

Exam Paper (100%)

One Section: (5 Questions, 4 Attempted)

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 Introduction Algorithm
An algorithm is a sequence of clear instructions
for solving a problem, for obtaining a required
output for any legitimate input in a finite amount
of time
problem

algorithm

input computer output

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15
 Algorithms

An algorithm must specify every step completely,

so a computer can implement it without any further
understanding
Algorithms must be:
Correct: For each input, produce an appropriate
output
Efficient: run as quickly as possible, and use as
little memory as possible more about this later
There can be many different algorithms for each
computational problem.

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 Computational problems

A computational problem specifies an

input-output relationship
What does the input look like?
What should the output be for each input?
Example:
Input: an integer number N
Output: Is the number prime?
Example:
Input: A list of names of people
Output: The same list sorted alphabetically
Example:
Input: A picture in digital format
Output: An English description of what the picture shows
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 Examples
In simple terms, an algorithm is a series of
instructions to solve a problem (complete a task)

Problems can be in any form

Business
Allocate manpower to maximize profit
Life
I am hungry. How do I order pizza?
Explain how to tie shoelaces to a five year old child
--Internet uses clever algorithm that manages huge
volume of data

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 Algorithmic Representation of
Computer Functions
Input
Get information Get (input command)
Storage
Store information Given/Result
Intermediates/Set
Process
Arithmetic Set (assignment command)
Repeat instructions Loop
Branch conditionals If
Output
Give information Give (output command)

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 Algorithm Description
Understand the problem before solving it
Identify & name each Input/Givens
Identify & name each Output/Results
Assign a name to our algorithm (Name)
Combine the previous 3 pieces of information
into a formal statement (Definition)
Results := Name (Givens)

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 Pseudocode
Pseudocode is an artificial and informal
language that helps programmers develop
algorithms.
Pseudocode is a "text-based" detail
(algorithmic) design tool.
The rules of Pseudocode are reasonably
straightforward. All statements showing
"dependency" are to be indented. These
include while, do, for, if, switch

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 Pseudocode Example

If student's grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print "passed
else
Print "failed"

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 Classification by Data Structures
Linear data structures
lists
arrays
hash tables
stacks
queues

Graph data structures

binary trees
b-trees
heaps

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 Classification by Design Paradigm

Divide and Conquer

reduction of a problem into its component
parts and solving those parts separately.
Greedy
Makes the best possible decision by choosing
a local optimum at each stage of the
algorithm.
Search and enumeration
Search algorithms and backtracking

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 Classification by Field of Study

Searching and Sorting

Merging
String matching
Cryptography
Data Compression

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 A useful video link

http://youtu.be/6hfOvs8pY1k

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 Q&A

Any Questions?

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 Summary

Introduction to algorithms
Definition of algorithm
Application of algorithms

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