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Contents
Standards
Alarms Introductions and Examples
Performance Monitoring Parameters
FAQs
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Standards
ANSI Committee T1
prepares telecommunications standards (rates and formats)
creator of SONET
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) accredited
sponsored by ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)
ITU-T G.826,G.783
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Alarms Introductions and Examples
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Alarm Overview
1. RS
2. MS
3. HP
4. AU
5. TU
6. LP
7. PPI
SDH Frame
V1 V5
5 www.mapyourtech.com V2
The SDH Frame
VC-4 POH
R A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
S
B1 E1 F1 J1 Lower order
O
H VC-n POH
D1 D2 D3 B3
AU H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3 C2
Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 G1 VC-11 VC-12 VC-2
D4 D5 D6 F2 V5 V5 V5
M
D7 D8 D9 H4 25 34 106
S
O
D10 D11 D12 F3 N2 N2 N2
H
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 K3 25 34 106
N1 K4 K4 K4
25 34 106
Number of bytes of
6 www.mapyourtech.com data separating fields.
RSOH [Regenerator Section Overhead]
A1, A2 RS-LOF Provides a frame alignment pattern [A1 =11110110, A2 = 00101000]. The frame alignment word of an
STM-n frame is 3 X n A1 bytes followed by 3 X n A2 bytes.
J0 RS-TIM Regenerator section trace. [16 byte frame including CRC7 (1st byte.) Supports continuity testing
between transmitting and receiving device on each regenerator section.
B1 RS-EXC Provides regenerator section monitoring. The regenerator section BIP-8 provides end-to-end error
RS-DEG performance monitoring across an individual regenerator section and is calculated over all bits of the
previous STM-n frame after scrambling. Computed value is placed in B1 byte before scrambling
E1 Provides local orderwire channel for voice communications between regenerators, hubs and remote
terminal locations.
F1 Allocated to users purpose [e.g. temporary data/voice channel connection for special maintenance
applications]
D1-D3 COMMS 192 kb/s message based data communications channel providing administration, monitor, alarm and
maintenance functions between regenerator section termination equipment
B2 MS-EXC Provides multiplex section error monitoring. The BIP-n X 24, of an STM-n frame, provides end-
MS-DEG to-end error performance monitoring across an individual multiplex section and is calculated over
all bits of the previous STM-n frame except for the first three rows of SOH. Computed value is
placed in B2 byte before scrambling.
K1, K2 MS-AIS Two bytes allocated for APS signalling for multiplex section protection.
MS-RDI K2 [b6-b8] contains MS-RDI and MS-AIS status information.
D4-D12 COMMS Provides 576 kb/s data communication channel between multiplex section termination
equipment. Used to carry network administration and maintenance information.
M1 MS-REI Multiplex section remote error indication [MS-REI]. Conveys the number of B2 errors detected
by downstream equipment.
E2 Provides express orderwire channel for voice communications between multiplex section
terminating equipment
H1-H3 AU-AIS AU pointer bytes are associated with, but not part of, the MSOH. The pointer contained in H1
TU-AIS [TU-3] and H2 points to the location where the VC-n begins. The last ten bits [b7-b16] of H1, H2 carry
the pointer value [0 to 782]. The H3 bytes are pointer action bytes and carry live information
AU-LOP
from a VC4, during the STM-n frame in which negative pointer adjustment occurs
TU-LOP [TU-3]
J1 HP-TIM [VC-4] The first byte in the virtual container. Its location is indicated by the AU pointer [H1,H2
LP-TIM [VC-3] bytes]. Provides a higher order trail trace identifier [64-byte free format string or 16-byte
frame including CRC7. Supports end-to-end monitoring of a higher order path.
B3 HP-EXC Provides higher order path error monitoring. The BIP-8 is calculated over all bits of
HP-DEG previous VC-n. Computed value is placed in B3 byte before scrambling.
LP-EXC+DEG [VC-3]
C2 HP-AIS High order signal label. Indicates composition or the maintenance status of the associated
LP-AIS [VC-3] container.
HP-UNEQ+PLM
LP-UNEQ+PLM [VC-3]
G1 HP-REI + RDI Higher order path status. Send status and performance monitoring information from
LP-REI + RDI [VC-3] receiving path terminating equipment to originating equipment. Allows status and
performance of two-way path to be monitored at either end. G1 REI [b1-b4] RDI [b5]
F2 Higher order path user channel. Allocated for network operator communications between
path terminations.
H4 HP-LOM Position indicator. Multiframe phase indication for TU structured payloads. H4 [b7-b8]
F3 Higher order path user channel. Allocated for network operator communications between
path terminations
K3 Higher order path automatic protection switching [b1-b4]. The rest of the bits [b5-b8] are
allocated for future use.
N1 Higher order tandem connection monitoring. There are two possible implementations
described in Annex C and Annex D of ITU-T G.707. In Annex C, the N1 byte provides a
tandem connection incoming error count [IEC] and the remaining four bits provide an end-
to-end data link
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SDH Frame
LO-POH [Lower order path Overhead]
V5 [VC-12] Provides BIP-2 error checking, signal label and path status information.
LP-AIS [b5-b7]
LP-REI [b3]
LP-RDI [b8]
LP-EXC [b1-b2]
LP-UNEQ [b5-b7]
LP-PLM [b5-b7]
J2 LP-TIM [VC-12] Lower order trail trace identifier [16 byte frame including CRC7]. Supports end-to-
end monitoring of a lower order path
N2 Lower order tandem connection monitoring. Contains BIP-2 error checking, AIS,
tandem connection REI [TC-REI], outgoing error indication [OEI] and a 76-byte
multiframe containing a tandem connection access point identifier [TC-APid].
K4 Lower order path automatic protection switching [b1-b4] and enhanced remote
defect indication [b5-b7].
SDH Frame
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Anomalies, defects and alarms
Alarm
A human observable indication that draws attention to a failure usually giving an indication of
the severity of the fail
The report to the user of a defect
Anomaly
The smallest discrepancy which can be observed between the actual and desired
characteristics of an item. The occurrence of a single anomaly does not constitute an
interruption in the ability to perform a required function. Anomalies are used as the input for
the Performance Monitoring [PM] process and for the detection of defects
A single occurrence of, or commencement of a pre-defined condition
Defect
The density of anomalies has reached a level where the ability to perform a required function
has been interrupted. Defects are used as input for PM, the control of consequent actions, and
the determination of faults cause
The persistent or repeated occurrence of an anomaly for a pre-defined duration or
number of repetitions
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Defect naming
The origin of defect naming can be confusing.
The following points should help when dealing with the nomenclature
Defects derived from path overheads begin: LP, HP, LPOM or HPOM.
Defects derived from section overheads begin: RS or MS.
Defects related to conditions affecting a whole VC and its pointer begin: AU or TU. AU is used for VC-4s.
TU is used for TU-3s, TU-2s and TU-12s. Defect types beginning TU are not distinguishable.
When distinguishing LP and LPOM remember that LPs will be present when traffic is terminated and
LPOMs when traffic is un-terminated.
Example: LP-EXC. This defect is detected at the LP function point - the "low order path termination"
function point. The category of the defect is "EXC" - EXCessive bit errors.
Excessive bit errors in a VC-3 will give an LP-EXC defect, as will excessive bit errors in a
VC-12. The two defects share their type but they have distinct instances. When the corresponding alarm is
reported to the user the type and instance will be reported.
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Defect Correlation
HP-EXC A
A masks B
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Plug In Unit Defect Correlation
= A masks B
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PDH Traffic Defect Correlation
B
PPI DEG PPI AIS INT LP IP BUFFER INT HP IP BUFFER
PPI LOF
PPI LOM
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SDH traffic DEFECT correlation
RS LOS RS UNEXPECTED SIGNAL
A
ES CMI
= A masks B
B
RS LOF
A
MS EXC
MS DEG AU LOP
AU AIS
HPOM EXC
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HPOM TIM HPOM PLM HPOM UNEQ
HP EXC
TU AIS
A
INT TU LOP LPOM EXC
LP EXC
17 www.mapyourtech.com LP REI
What is a path?
A path is an end to end circuit
The ends of a LO path are where traffic is brought into SDH or removed from SDH
Paths carry VCs
LO VCs are
generated where traffic is brought into SDH
and terminated where it is removed
HO VCs are
Generated / terminated where traffic is brought into SDH or when LO VCs are brought into / removed from a
HO VC
Multiplexer
Regenerator
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Carrying a 2 Meg circuit in a STM frame
2M example where
High order paths are
encased in STM frames when they pass between nodes
Low order paths are
threaded through high order paths
RS 2M trib
MS
HO path STM-1 tributary with a LO
connection
LO path
19 www.mapyourtech.com 2M PDH Multiplexor Regenerator
SONET Layers
Path Section Line Path Path
Terminating Terminating Terminating Terminating Terminating
Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment
(PTE) (STE) (LTE) (PTE) (PTE)
DS1 DS1
VT Path VT Path
DS3
STS Path STS Path STS Path
DS3
Line Line Line Line
Section Section Section Section Section
Photonic Photonic Photonic Photonic Photonic
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SDH Section Hierarchy
There are four sections Regenerator Section (RS), Multiplex Section (MS), Higher
Order Path Section (HP), and Lower Order Path Section (LP)
RS is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which RSOH part of SDH frame
is NOT opened
MS is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which MSOH part of SDH frame
is NOT opened
HP is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which higher order VC part of
SDH frame is NOT opened (it may be opened only for interpreting HOPOH)
LP is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which lower order VC part of
SDH frame is NOT opened (it may be opened only for interpreting LOPOH)
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Downlink signal flow & High order part
SDH SDH
Interface cross-connect Interface
unit
PDH interface
Downlink signal
flow
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Uplink signal flow & Low order part
SDH SDH
Interface cross-connect Interface
unit
PDH interface
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Two Common Alarms
AIS (Alarm Indication Signal)
Inserts the all 1s signal into the Low level circuits, Indicating that the signal is
unavailable. Common AIS alarms include MS_AIS, AU_AIS, TU_AIS and E1_AIS.
Indicates the alarm transferred back to the home station from the opposite
station after the opposite station has detected alarms of LOS (loss of signal),
AIS and TIM (trace identifier mismatch). Common RDI alarms include
MS_RDI, HP_RDI and LP_RDI.
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
SDH Interface to Cross-connect Unit
A B C D E F G
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Diagram of Alarm Generation
Frame synchronizer& RS MS overhead processor Pointer processor& HP
overhead processor overhead processor
(RST) (MST) (MSA, HPT)
STM-N LOS 1 AIS 1 AIS
Optical
Signal
LOF MS_AIS AU_AIS
A1,A2 K2 H1,H2
B2 Err AU_LOP
B1 Err B2 H1,H2
B1 HP_TIM
MS_REI J1 X
M1 HP_UNEQ 1
C2 C
MS_RDI HP_SLM S
K2 C2
HP_LOM
H4
B3 Err
B3
HP_REI
G1
HP_RDI
G1
Signal transfer point (Insert down all "1"s Alarm termination point (Report
signal) to SCC unit)
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Downlink Signal Flow
Frame synchronizer and RS overhead processor
Optical receiving
Optical/electrical conversion (O/E)
O/E module checks Optical signal (If no light in the input signal, optical power excessively
low or high or the code type mismatch, R_LOS alarm will be reported)
A1, A2 and J0 bytes detecting
Search the framing bytes (R_OOF, R_LOF)
Extract the line synchronous timing source
J0 byte (J0_MM)
Scramble
B1 byte detecting
BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B1_SD, B1_EXC, SES, RSUAT)
Process F1, D1 - D3 and E1 bytes
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Downlink Signal Flow
MS overhead processor
B2 byte detecting
BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B2_SD and B2_OVER)
M1 bytes (MS_REI)
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Downlink Signal Flow
Pointer processor and HP overhead processor
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Uplink Signal Flow
Pointer processor and HP overhead processor
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Uplink Signal Flow
MS overhead processor
MS_RDI (K2)
MS_REI (M1)
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Alarms & Performance of High Order Part
Uplink Signal Flow
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Alarms & Performance of Low Order
Part
PDH Interface to Cross-connect Unit
G H I J K
Cross-connect HPA LPT LPA PPI PDH Interface
Unit
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Alarms & Performance of Low Order
Part
Diagram of Alarm Generation
High Order Path Adaptation& Low Low Order Path Adaptation PDH Physical Interface
Order Path Termination
(HPA, LPT) (LPA) (PPI)
V1,V2 TU_AIS
HP_LOM
H4
LP_RDI
V5
X E1_AIS All 1
C E1
S BIP 2 Interface
V5
LP_REI LP_RFIFO
Signal transfer point (Insert down all "1"s Alarm termination point (Report
signal) to SCC unit)
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Alarms & Performance of Low Order Part
Downlink Signal Flow
High Order Path Adaptation& Low Order Path Termination
V5 Bytes detecting
LP_RDI( b8), LP_UNEQ, LP_SLM( b5-b7), LP_REI( b3)
BIP-2 computing to check bit error( b1-b2)
H4 Bytes detecting
HP_LOM
J2 Bytes detecting
LP_TIM
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Alarms & Performance of Low Order Part
Downlink Signal Flow
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Alarms & Performance of Low Order
Part
Uplink Signal Flow
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Alarms & Performance of Low Order
Part
Uplink Signal Flow
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Suppression Correlation between SDH
Alarms
Suppression R_LOS
Relationship R_LOF
A1, A2 Bytes
R_OOF
MSOH
(Except AU_AIS AU_LOP B1_SD B2_SD
A1,A2)
A B A suppress B
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More on Alarms
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Alarm Understanding Rules
Rule 1
ex. a
ADM 1 ADM 2
Alarm reported
FC 1
ex. b
ADM 1 ADM 2
Rule 2
Rule 3
WHY?
TU11
ex. (1-1-1) See slide 9
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
ADM 1 ADM 2
NO Alarm reported for FC
on TU12 (1-1-1)
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Alarm Understanding Rules (contd.)
Rule 4
NO VC4
ex. a
PT (1)
FC on AU4 (1)
NO VC12
ex. b
PT (1-1-1)
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
STM-1
ex. a VC4
links
FC on TU12 (1-1-1)
STM-1
ex. b VC12
links
(1-1-1) FC on TU3 (1)
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RS Alarms
SD (Signal Degrade) Note: The order in which the alarms are written is important,
based on B1 byte as we will see later while discussing Alarm masking
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Description of Alarms
LOS
Received power is less than Laser receiver sensitivity (All bits interpreted as 0)
Tx off / misconnectivity Rx off / misconnectivity LOS
Fiber Cut
Tx Rx
ex.
Rx Tx
Received power is less than
Laser receiver sensitivity
ADM 1 (Low power transmitted, Span is longer than ADM 2
specified, Fiber gets deformed etc. etc.)
LOS clears when 2 consecutive framing patterns are received & no new LOS condition is detected
LOF
Anything other than F6 28 (Hex) in any (?) of the A1 A2 bytes (within a STM frame)
-- for consecutive 5 frames (625 s) OOF (Out of Frame) clearing 2 frames
-- for consecutive 24 frames (3 ms) LOF clearing 24 frames
Note: Prolonged LOS => LOF, but not always LOF => LOS
47 (this fact will be used as one of the Alarm Masking logic later)
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Description of Alarms (contd.)
TIM (J0)
Received J0 trace (1/16 byte(s)) != Expected J0 trace (1/16 byte(s))
Exp trace = A to B
P1 Rx trace = C to B
Tx trace = A to B P2
SD (B1/B2/B3/V5)
5 9
Equivalent BER exceeds alarm generation threshold ( 1 in 10 to 1 in 10 )
Note: For both SF & SD, alarm clearing threshold is 1 decade lower than generation
threshold, e.g., Gen. Thr. is 1 in 1000 or higher => Clg. Thr. is 1 in 10000 or lower
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MS Alarms
ADM
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
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Alarm Propagation Examples
Example 1
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports Root Cause: NO XConnect on both ports
HP-RDI
HP- UNEQ
HP-RDI
HP- UNEQ
A HP-RDI B
HP-RDI
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Alarm Propagation Examples (contd.)
Example 2
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports, Root Cause: NO XConnect on the port of B
HP-SLM default action is report
SLM, no downstream AIS
VC12
E1 HP- UNEQ
A TU-LOP B
AU4 Signal Label Unequipped
Invalid TU Pointer value
Example 3
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports of A & C
Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
MS-AIS
AIS
AU-AIS
LOS TU-AIS
VC-12 VC-12
E1 MS-RDI E1
A HP-RDI B C
(Reg.)
LP-RDI MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
Note: The Reg. can not generate any RDI
Actually at C, AU-AIS & TU-AIS conditions are also received
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Alarm Propagation Examples (contd.)
Example 4
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
ADM B VC-12 PT
MS-AIS
LOS TU AIS
A HP-RDI B C
LP RDI MS-RDI LP RDI
HP-RDI
Example 5
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
ADM B VC-4 PT
MS-AIS
AU AIS
LOS TU AIS
A HP-RDI B C
LP RDI MS-RDI LP RDI
HP-RDI
Example 6
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: NO XConnect on B, C & D for (1-1-2)
E1 (1) E1 (1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
LP RDI (1-
1-2)
E1 VC-12 (1-1-2)
Example 7
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: NO XConnect on C & D for (1-1-2)
E1 (1) E1 (1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
Example 8
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports Root cause: NO XConnect on C for (1-1-2)
E1 (1) E1 (1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
Example 9
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports, Root cause: NO XConnect on C for (1-1-1)
VC4 PT at node B,
LP-RDI
(1-1-1)
VC-12(1-1-1)
VC-4 VC-12(1-1-2)
E1 (1) VC-12(1-1-2)
E1(2)
TU-LOP
E1 (2)
(1-1-1)
A B C
Invalid TU Pointers
(1-1-1)
Note: LP-RDI from A is not reported on B (See Rule 3b).
63 Why assumption on SLM?
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Alarm Propagation Examples (contd.)
LOS TU AIS
MS-RDI LP RDI
HP-RDI LP RDI
A B C
LP RDI MS-RDI
HP-RDI
Tejas, it is 1+1
64 www.mapyourtech.com D
Alarms: Animated Description
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SDH Alarms and Consequent Actions
SPI
LOS
RST
MST MSA
HP-TIM HP-EXC HP-DEG HP-RDI HP-REI HP-BIP HP- HP- HP- TU-AIS TU-LOP
UNEQ PLM LOM
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INTERRUPTION,
LOS
HW TROUBLE,
ATTENUATION
LOS AU/TU-AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
PDH
67 www.mapyourtech.com
LOF
PROBLEM ON FRAME
A1,A2
ALIGNMENT WORD
LOF AU/TU-AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
68 www.mapyourtech.com
RS-TIM
RECEIVED REGENERATOR
SECTION TRACE JO
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
RS-TIM AU/TU-AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
69 www.mapyourtech.com
RS-BIP
NEAR END
ERRORED SIGNAL
B1
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
RS-BIP
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB
70 www.mapyourtech.com
MS-AIS
TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED SIGNAL K2=XXXXX111
(LOS, LOF, RS-TIM)
LINE LINE NE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
PDH
XXX = DETECTED XXX = SENT BACK
71 www.mapyourtech.com
MS-EXC
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
EXCESSIVE BIT B2
ERROR RATE COLLECTION
( 1X10 E -3)
MS-EXC AU/TU-AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
72 www.mapyourtech.com
MS-BIP
NEAR END
ERRORED SIGNAL B2
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
MS-BIP
NE LINE LINE NE
MS-REI
TRIB
M1
73 www.mapyourtech.com
MS-RDI
TROUBLE ON THE K2=XXXXX110
RX SIDE
(LOS, LOF. RS-TIM,
MS-AIS, MS-EXC,
MS-RDI MS-RDI
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB
PDH
XXX = DETECTED XXX = SENT BACK
74 www.mapyourtech.com
MS-REI
FAR END
M1
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
MS-REI MS-REI
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB
ERRORED SIGNAL
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MS-DEG
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
DEGRADATION
B2
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9 ) COLLECTION
MS-
DEG
NE LINE LINE NE
MS-REI
TRIB
M1
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AU-AIS
TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(LOS, LOF, RS-TIM,
MS-AIS, MS-EXC,
AU-4 XC
AU/TU-AIS
AU-AIS AU-AIS
AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
PDH-AIS
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AU-LOP
TROUBLE ON THE
AU POINTER VALUE
(WRONG SETTING
SDH/SONET, DEG,
H1,H2
HW FAILURE)
AU/TU-AIS
AU-LOP
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
PDH-AIS
78 www.mapyourtech.com
HP-UNEQ
AU-4 CHANNEL
NOT CONNETTED C2 = 00000000
HP-UNEQ
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB
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HP-TIM
RECEIVED HIGHER PATH TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
J1
HP-TIM
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-RDI
TRIB HP-TIM
G1 =XXXX100X
PDH-AIS
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HP-BIP
ERRORED SIGNAL NEAR END
B3 PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-BIP
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-REI
TRIB
HP-BIP
G1 (1,2,3,4)
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HP-RDI
TROUBLE ON THE G1 =XXXX100X
RECEIVED HP
(AU-AIS, AU-LOP, HP-TIM,
HP-PLM, HP-EXC)
HP-RDI HP-RDI
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB HP-RDI
PDH
XXX = DETECTED XXX = SENT BACK 140M
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HP-REI
FAR END
G1 (1, 2, 3, 4) PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-REI
HP-REI
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB HP-REI
ERRORED SIGNAL
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HP-DEG
DEGRADATION
NEAR END
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9 )
B3 PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-DEG
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-REI
TRIB
HP-DEG
G1 (1,2,3,4)
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HP-EXC
EXCESSIVE BIT NEAR END
ERROR RATE B3 PERFORMANCE
( 1X10 E -3)
COLLECTION
HP-EXC
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-RDI
TRIB
HP-EXC
G1 =XXXX100X
85 www.mapyourtech.com
HP-PLM
UNEXPECTED HIGHER
PATH PAYLOD LABEL
C2
HP-PLM TU-AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
PDH-AIS
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TU-AIS
TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(AU-AIS, AU-LOP,
HP-TIM, HP-PLM)
TU XC
TU-AIS TU-AIS
AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-RDI
TRIB AIS
V5 = XXXXXXX1
PDH-AIS
PDH
XXX = DETECTED XXX = SENT BACK
1.5-2-34-45M
XXX = GENERATED XXX = MONITORED
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TU-LOP
TROUBLE ON THE
TU POINTER VALUE
(DEGRADATION, V1, V2
HW FAILURE)
TU-LOP TU-AIS
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-RDI
TRIB AIS
V5 = XXXXXXX1
PDH-AIS
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LP-TIM
RECEIVED LOWER PATH TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
J2
LP-TIM
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-RDI
TRIB LP-TIM
V5 = XXXXXXX1
PDH-AIS
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LP-BIP
ERRORED SIGNAL NEAR END
V5 (1, 2) PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-BIP
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-REI
TRIB
LP-BIP
V5 (3)
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LP-RDI
TROUBLE ON THE V5 = XXXXXXX1
RECEIVED LP
(TU-AIS, TU-LOP, LP-TIM,
LP-PLM, LP-EXC)
LP-RDI LP-RDI
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB LP-RDI
PDH
XXX = DETECTED XXX = SENT BACK 1.5-2-34-45M
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LP-REI
FAR END
V5 (3) PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-REI
LP-REI
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB LP-REI
ERRORED SIGNAL
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LP-DEG
DEGRADATION
NEAR END
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9 )
V5 (1, 2) PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-DEG
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-REI
TRIB
LP-DEG
V5 (3)
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LP-EXC
EXCESSIVE BIT NEAR END
ERROR RATE V5 (1, 2) PERFORMANCE
( 1X10 E -3)
COLLECTION
LP-EXC
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-RDI
TRIB LP-EXC
V5 = XXXXXXX1
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LP-PLM
UNEXPECTED LOWER
PATH PAYLOD LABEL
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-RDI
TRIB LP-PLM
V5 = XXXXXXX1
PDH-AIS
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LP-UNEQ
TU CHANNEL
NOT CONNETTED V5 (5, 6, 7) = 000
LP-UNEQ
NE LINE LINE NE
TRIB
96 www.mapyourtech.com
HP-LOM
TROUBLE ON THE
MULTIFRAME ALIGNMENT
WORD H4
HP- TU-AIS
LOM
NE LINE LINE NE
LP-RDI
TRIB AIS
V5 = XXXXXXX1
PDH-AIS
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A1/A2
Regenerator Section
LOS
LOF
Multiplex Section
AIS
Higher Order Path Lower Order Path
J0 RS-TIM
HP-UNEQ
C2 HP-TIM
J1 HP-BIP
B3 HP-REI AIS
G1 HP-RDI
G1 TU-AIS
TU-LOP
AIS
TU-LOM
HP-PLM
H4
LP-UNEQ
C2
LP-TIM
V5 AIS
LP-BIP
J2
LP-REI
V5
LP-RDI
V5
LP-PLM
V5
V5
98 www.mapyourtech.com AIS
Performance Monitoring
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Overhead Termination
MSOH
VC-4 POH
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Overhead Termination
STM-N unit TSI unit 2M or 34M unit
Crossconnect
Level
STM-N RST MST HPT VC-12 or VC-3
LPT 2M or 34M
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Performance Monitoring Point
Physical Layer
Section Layer
Adaptation
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Performance Monitoring
-Physical Layer-
Optical Interface
LDBC : Laser Diode Bias Current
PDH Interface
CV-L : Code Rule Violation
ES-L : Errored Second
SES-L : Severely Errored Second
External Clock Interface
CV- : Code Rule Violation
ES- : Errored Second)
SES- : Severely Errored Second
: L or P
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Performance Monitoring
-Section Layer-
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Performance Monitoring
-Adaptation-
AU-4 Pointer
PJE (positive) : Pointer Justification Event (positive)
PJE (negative) : Pointer Justification Event (negative)
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Performance Monitoring
-Path Termination-
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Terms and Definitions
(used by error performance)
www.mapyourtech.com 107
BIP-8 of VC-4
1 2 3 26 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
26 2 26 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Gro up o f 8 bits
BIP-8 check sequence
VC-4
23 4 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
234 8 23 4 9 23 4 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B lo c k ( 1 8 7 9 2 b i t s / b l o c k ) B3
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Terms and Definitions
(used by error performance)
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Terms and Definitions
(used by error performance)
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Generation and Detection of SDH
Performance
Bit Error Generation Mechanism
B1
B2
B3
V5
Errors occurring in Low order path will not be detected in High order
path, High order bit errors will trigger Low order errors.
112 www.mapyourtech.com
Generation and Detection of SDH Performance
Terms
Term Description
BE Errored block, in which one or more bits are in error.
Background block error, it is an errored block occurring outside of the period
BBE
of UAT and SES.
FEBBE Far end block of background error, it is a BBE event detected at the far end.
Errored second, it is a certain second with one or more errored blocks
ES
detected.
FEES Far end errored second, in which an ES event detected at the far end.
Severely errored second, it is a certain second which contains 30% errored
blocks or at least one serious disturbance period (SDP). Here, the SDP is a
SES period of at least four consecutive blocks or 1ms (taking the longer one)
where the error ratios of all the consecutive blocks are 10-2 or loss of
signal occurs.
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Generation and Detection of SDH Performance
Terms
Term Description
Far end severely errored second, in which an SES event detected at the
FESES
remote end.
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Generation and Detection of SDH Performance
Pointer Justification
Mechanism
Sort
115 www.mapyourtech.com
Generation and Detection of SDH Performance
Generation Mechanism of AU Pointer Justification
Locatio
9
n:
H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3 VC4
1 9
row
116 www.mapyourtech.com
Generation and Detection of SDH Performance
Generation Mechanism of TU Pointer Justification
Causation:
Transformed from AU pointer justification
The system clock is not consistent with the received clock
Pointer justification occurs at the upstream NE where the service
passes
Remote detection:
Occur at the local station, report at the remote station
Local detection:
Generate at the local station, report locally
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Relationship between Alarms and Performance
Relationship
118 www.mapyourtech.com
Relation between ES, SES and BBE
ES
SES
Blocks in 1sec. period
30 %
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Terms and Definitions
(used by error performance)
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Unavailable Second
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Storage of PM data
15 minute accumulation
TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert)
15 min.
Current 15 min.
hh : 15n hh : 15(n+1)
data update : every 1 min.
Zero Suppression
past time future
1 day accumulation item a 0 * 0 0 0 0 0
item b * 0 0 0 0 0
TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert) item x
* * 0 0 0 0 *
item y 0 0 0 0 0 0 *
(Yesterday)
Zero Suppression
PM items of one facility
1 day
0 : 00 0 : 00 item a 0 * 0 0 0
Current 1 day (Today) item b * 0 0 0
data update : every 1 min. item x
* * 0 0 *
item y 0 0 0 0 *
old memory new
www.mapyourtech.com 122
Bit error defects family
EXC = EXCessively errored signal
DEG = DEGraded signal
CMI = Code Mark Inversion
All members of the [large] family of bit error defects have a common origin
errors in the transmission/reception of a signal.
SDH calculates a parity check and places the results in the overhead.
Occurs in both Tx and Rx. A difference indicates a bit error in transmission/reception
Another detection mechanism is for electrical signals
An invalid sequence is a code violation
PPI-EXC and ES-CMI defect originate from code violations.
SDH paths and sections may have EXC and DEG defects [Different degrees of errors]
EXC represent an EXCessive number of bit errors the signal is so badly errored as to be unusable
EXC defects represent a bit error ratio of 10-3 or 10-4.
EXC results in a protection switch at the closure point of a sub-network connection and may be configured
to insert AIS and RDI.
DEG defects represent a bit error ratio of 10-5 or less
DEG does not result in a protection switch or raising of any consequent action.
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What is Performance Monitoring
124 www.mapyourtech.com
Performance Monitoring Points
Performance Monitoring Points [PMPs]
are points at which software collects performance monitoring [PM] data. The PM data
is a measure of the quality of the transmission path at that point.
PPI_CV HP_FE G1
Vc-4 Vc-4 HP_NE B3
AU_PJE
NE1
RS-OOF A1, A2 MS_NE B2 NE2
STM-N
RS-NE B1 MS_FE M1
125 www.mapyourtech.com
Optical Link via Network
Table of PM points
PMs count will occur at the same points as where alarms will occur
FE[Far End] PMs are associated with the RDI defect category.
The destination you are sending to has received your signal in a defective state.
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BIP Errors vs Block Errors
B1 is an 8 bit parity byte, calculated across the complete SDH frame [2430
bytes for an STM-1 signal].
B1 byte is generated/terminated at every NE.
ANSI specifies BIP
ETSI/ITU specifies Block Errors
The B1 Byte is treated as 1 block
The B1 Byte is treated as BIP-8 [since it has 8 bits]
Example
Transmitted Received
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How to interrupt SES and UAS
The difference between SES and UAS is conceptually difficult to understand.
Therefore it is better clarified through the use of a diagram.
Unavailable periods/detection and available periods/detection are indicated.
Unavailability Availability
Detected Detected
129 www.mapyourtech.com
Processing of B1 byte
This can be broken down into activities performed in hardware and software.
15-minute
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
15-Minute PM Counts
1- Second 1- second
BBE, ES, SES, UAS
Filter
Actual B1 byte
Calculate
expected B1
byte
Compare
B1 errors
Expected B1 byte actual with
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expected B1
131
byte
1- Second Filter
1-Second Filter
Frame B1 errors
B1 Errors (x) BBE ES SES UAS
x = 0 0 0 0 0
1- second 0 < x < 2400 x 1 0 0
BBE, ES, SES, UAS x >= 2400 (< 10 secs) 0 1 1 0
1-Second
x >= 2400 (> 10 secs) 0 0 0 1
filter
}
01/01/2000 00:00:00 0001 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:00 0002 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:00 0003 1 -
1-Second PM Counts
. .
. .
DATE TIME BBE ES SES UAS
. .
01/01/2000 00:00:00 1 1 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:00 7998 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:01 x x x x
01/01/2000 00:00:00 7999 0 -
01/01/2000 00:00:02 x x x x
01/01/2000 00:00:00 8000 0 -
----
TOTAL B1 Errors (x) = 0001
132 www.mapyourtech.com
15-Minute Filter
1- second 15-Minute
BBE, ES, SES, UAS BBE, ES, SES, UAS
15-Minute
Filter
1-Second PM Counts
15-Minute PM Counts
DATE TIME BBE ES SES UAS
01/01/2000 00:00:00 1 1 0 0 DATE TIME BBE ES SES UAS
}
01/01/2000 00:00:01 0 0 0 0 01/01/2000 00:00 3 3 1 0
01/01/2000 00:00:02 0 1 1 0 01/01/2000 00:15 x x x x
. . . . 01/01/2000 00:30 x x x x
. . . .
. . . .
01/01/2000 00:14:57 2 1 0 0
01/01/2000 00:14:58 0 0 0 0
01/01/2000 00:14:59 0 0 0 0
133 www.mapyourtech.com
24 Hour Filter
1- second 24-Hour
BBE, ES, SES, UAS BBE, ES, SES, UAS
24-Hour
Filter
1-Second PM Counts
}
01/01/2000 00:00:01 0 0 0 0
01/01/2000 00:00:02 0 1 1 0 01/01/2000 40 33 3 0
30 . . . 02/01/2000 x x x x
. 30 1 . 03/01/2000 x x x x
4 . . . . . . .
01/01/2000 23:59:57 0 0 1 0 . . . .
01/01/2000 23:59:58 5 1 0 0 . . . .
01/01/2000 23:59:59 0 0 0 0
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Accumulation of PMs over time
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Question and Answers
What is the difference between an anomaly and a defect?
Anomaly is a single occurrence of, or commencement of a condition
Defect is a persistent or repeated occurrence of an anomaly
What is the main difference between a POM alarm and a LO or HO alarm?
LPs / HPs are present on termination
POMs are present when traffic is un-terminated
What is the main principle behind masking?
Present alarm closet to source
Reduce the amount of fault analysis and alarm presentation
A car fail alarm is raised on a PIU, What should you do?
This alarm needs to be cleared first because it will mask all other alarms raised on the card/slot
instance
What is the difference between a regenerator and a multiplexer?
Regenerator terminates the RSOH, MSOH + payload continue, regenerator generates new OH
Multiplexer fulfils the same function of a regenerator and also terminates / generates a MSOH
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Question and Answers
What alarms does the Multiplex Section Termination give?
Provides pointer processing and gives AU alarms
Where are the Low Path Termination points?
On PDH tributaries
If an unprotected limb has two POMs present which one is active the Rx or the Tx?
Rx is active
In a protected connection is a limb has a HPT or LPT present can HPOM/LPOM also be
active?
Yes
Which bytes are responsible for the reporting of a LOF alarm, what section overhead are
they found?
A1 and A2 In RSOH
Where is AIS reported in relation to a defect?
AIS is reported downstream from a defect, a user would look upstream to resolve the
issue
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Question and Answers
Why is there no RS-AIS alarm?
Possibly redundancy [Like the TIM alarms which only has RS-TIM]
Could also be that RS alarms on regenerators are passive and operate as a pass through.
Multiplexers drop traffic and are better therefore to address issue
How many consequent actions are there and what are they?
AIS, RDI/REI and protection switches
Which alarm is more serious, RDI or REI?
RDI is more serious
What type of cards produce CMI alarms?
Electrical cards [comes from Code Mark Inversion line coding]
What consequent actions does a DEG alarm produce?
It doesnt
What type of payload would you expect on the raising of a UNEQ alarm?
0
What bytes carry PM information and where are they calculated?
B1, B2 and B3. Calculated in hardware
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References
Various presentation collected from Internet {Huawei,Tejas,Nortel & Marconi) available free of cost
www.mapyourtech.com
www.google.com
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Thank You!
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