Decision Making for Two

Samples
Chapter 5
 True Story
In the 1980s, the Hughes Aircraft Co. (HAC) bought cryogenic
coolers for their Bradley Fighting Vehicle night vision assemblies from
two different vendors:
Hughes Aircraft Co. (HAC) Santa Barbara (in-house)
BAC (out-of-house)
After installation into the Bradley Fighting Vehicles, the HAC coolers
seemed to be failing sooner than the BAC coolers
How could the engineers determine if there was a significant
difference between the mean lives of the HAC coolers and the BAC
coolers?

2
 Bradley Fighting Vehicle
Cooler

www.us-army-info.com
www.rdysales.com
3
Case 1. Hypothesis tests on the
difference between two means

Variances Known
 Z
The statistic Z
X 1 X 2 1 2
~ N 0,1
12 22

n1 n2

5
 Case 1: Test of Hypothesis on Difference Between Two Means
Variances Known

H 0 : 1 2 0

H1 : 1 2 0 H1 : 1 2 0 H1 : 1 2 0

Reject H0 if |z0 | > za/2 Reject H0 if z0 > za Reject H0 if z0 < - za

P-value = 2[1-f(|z0|)] P-value = 1 f(z0) P-value = f(z0)

x1 x2 0
z0 Reject H0 if p-value is < a
12 22

n1 n2
TI-83/84:
STATTESTS3: 2-SampZTest

6
 Two-Sided Confidence Interval on
Population Mean,
A (1-a% confidence interval on the true
difference between means is given by L and
U: L: lower value

PL 1 2 U 1 a U: Upper value

12 22
L x1 x2 z a TI-83/84:
2 n1 n2 STATTESTS9: 2-SampZInt
12 22
U x1 x2 z a
2 n1 n2

7
 One-Sided Confidence Intervals on
Population Mean,
A (1-a% confidence interval on the true
difference between means is given by L
and U: P L 1 a
1 2

or
Note: There is no L: lower value
P1 2 U 1 a
0 in this U: Upper value
where
equation, because
we would only be 12 22
L x1 x2 za
interested in the n1 n2

difference between 12 22
U x1 x2 za
the means for a CI n1 n2
8
 Accommodating 0
TI-83, 84
H 0 : 1 2 0 When you enter Stats data into the 2-
same as SampZTest option, add 0 to the value
H 0 : 1 2 0 you input for x2
same as
H 0 : 1 ( 2 0 ) 0

x1 ( x2 0 )
z0
12 22

n1 n2
9
 Case 5. Hypothesis Tests on the
Ratio of Two Variances

Note that I am teaching this case out of order from the text.
 Notation Chapter 5

Chapter 3: Chapter 3
F(x) denotes the cumulative distribution function
(CDF) of both discrete and continuous random
variables.
Chapter 5:
The letter F is now used as a RANDOM
VARIABLE.
The letter f is now used as a specific value of F
Analogy: X and x.

11
 The F Probability Distribution
Function (pdf)
W and Y are independent random variables
that are each distributed c2 with u and v
degrees of freedom, respectively.
W /u
f(x) The statistic F
Y / v ~ Fu,v with pdf

F2,10 F200,10

F3,10 F12,10 f ( x) ugly 0 x

12 x Eq.s 5-18 and 5-19 page 225

 Important
The critical values of f that correspond to
a one-sided tests) or a/2 two-sided test)
have a special relationship: 1
f1a ,n1 1,n2 1
fa ,n2 1,n1 1
a

a
f1a ,n1 1,n2 1 fa ,n1 1,n2 1

13
 Practice with the F table
X is ~ F with 2 and 4 degrees of freedom
Find A such that
P(X > A) = .01
P( X > A) = .05
P(X > A) = .95
P(X < A) = .025

TI-83,84: 2nd DIST Fcdf(start, end, u, v)

14
 The Test Procedure
A hypothesis testing procedure for the equality of two
variances is based on the following result.
The statistic
S12 / 12
F 2 2 ~ Fn1 1,n2 1
S2 / 2

If 21 22, then
S12
F 2 ~ Fn1 1,n2 1
S2

15
 Case 5: Test of Hypothesis on Equality of Two Variances

H 0 : 12 22

H1 : 12 22 H1 : 12 22 H1 : 12 22
Reject H 0 if Reject H 0 if Reject H 0 if
f0 fa or f 0 fa ,n1 1,n2 1 f 0 f1a ,n1 1,n2 1
, n1 1, n2 1
2

f0 f a
1 , n1 1, n2 1
2
s12 TI-84:
f0 2 STATTESTSE: 2-SampFTest
s2

Reject H0 if p-value is < a

16
Two-Sided Confidence Interval on Equality of Population
Variances

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between means is given by L
and U: L: lower value
12 U: Upper value
P L 2 U 1 a

2
s12
L 2 f1a / 2,n2 1,n1 1 No stats function for L and U in the
s2
TI-83/84 series.
s12
U 2 fa / 2,n2 1,n1 1
s2

17
One-Sided Confidence Interval on Equality of Population
Variances

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between means is given by L
and U: 2
P L 1 a
1

2
2

or L: lower value
12
P 2 U 1 a U: Upper value
2
s12
L 2 f1a ,n2 1,n1 1
s2
s12
U 2 fa ,n2 1,n1 1
s2
18
 Case 5: Computing the p-value
1. Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses, H0 and H1.
2. Determine the numerical value of the test statistic, f0
3. Plot the pdf of F (Recall that the lowest value is 0)

If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is closer Two-sided
to zero than to the right tail of the pdf the p-value is 2x (area below
the test statistic) H 0 : 12 22
H1 : 12 22
If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is closer
to the right tail of the pdf the p-value is 2x (area above the test
statistic).
One-sided upper
If you have a one-sided upper hypothesis test, the p-value is the area H 0 : 12 22
above the test statistic. H1 : 12 22

One-sided lower
If you have a one-sided lower hypothesis test, the p-value is the area
below the test statistic. H 0 : 12 22
H1 : 12 22 19
 Case 2. Hypothesis tests on the
difference between two means

variances unknown but assumed to

be equal
Do Case 5 two-sided test on the data FIRST.

If you Fail to Reject H0 from Case 5, then you

do a Case 2.
 T
X 1 X 2 1 2
~ Tn1 n2 2
The statistic 1 1
Sp
n1 n2

where S12 and S12 are the sample variances of samples 1

and 2, respectively
n1 and n2 are the sample sizes of samples 1 and 2,
respectively.
Sp is the pooled sample standard deviation, given by

sp
n1 1s12 n2 1s22
n1 n2 2
21
 Case 2: Test of Hypothesis on Difference Between Two Means
Variances Unknown and Equal

H 0 : 1 2 0

H1 : 1 2 0 H1 : 1 2 0 H1 : 1 2 0

Reject H0 if |t0 | > ta/2, n1+n2-2 Reject H0 if t0 > ta,n1+n2-2 Reject H0 if t0 < - ta,n1+n2-2

t0
x1 x2 0 n1 1s12 n2 1s22
Reject H0 if p-value is < a sp
1 1 n1 n2 2
sp
n1 n2
TI-83/84:
STATTESTS4: 2-SampTTest
Pooled? Yes
22
 Two-Sided Confidence Intervals on Population
Mean, Variances Unknown and Equal

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between means is given by L and U:
PL 1 2 U 1 a L: lower value
Note: There is no 1 1
0 in this U x1 x2 t a
2
, n1 n2 2
sp
n1 n2
U: Upper value
equation, because 1 1
L x1 x2 t a sp
we would only be 2
, n1 n2 2 n1 n2
interested in the
difference between TI-83/84:
the means for a CI STATTESTS0: 2-SampTInt
23
 One-Sided Confidence Intervals on Population
Mean, Variances Unknown and Equal

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between means is given by L and U:
P1 2 U 1 a
Note: There is no
0 in this 1 1 L: lower value
U x1 x2 ta ,n1 n2 2 s p
equation, because n1 n2 U: Upper value
we would only be
interested in the PL 1 2 1 a
difference between 1 1
the means for a CI L x1 x2 ta ,n1 n2 2 s p
n1 n2
24
 Case 3. Hypothesis tests on the
difference between two means

variances unknown but assumed to

be unequal

Do Case 5 two-sided test on the data FIRST.

If you Reject H0 from Case 5, then you do a

Case 3.
 T
X 1 X 2 1 2
~ T
The statistic
S12 S 22

n1 n2
where S12 and S12 are the sample variances of samples 1
and 2, respectively
n1 and n2 are the sample sizes of samples 1 and 2,
respectively.
is the degrees of freedom, rounded DOWN to the
nearest integer S12 S 22



2
n n
1 2

S1
2

/ n1
2

S 22 / n2
2

26
n1 1 n2 1
 Case 3: Test of Hypothesis on difference between two means
Variances Unknown and Unequal
H 0 : 1 2 0

H1 : 1 2 0 H1 : 1 2 0 H1 : 1 2 0

Reject H0 if |t0 | > ta/2, Reject H0 if t0 > ta, Reject H0 if t0 < - ta,
2
x1 x2 0
S12 S 22

Reject H0 if p-value is < a n n
t0
1 2

s12 s22
S1
2

/ n1
2

S 22 / n2
2

n1 n2 n1 1 n2 1

TI-83/84:
STATTESTS4: 2-SampTTest
Pooled? No 27
 Two-Sided Confidence Interval on Population Mean,
, Variances UNKNOWN and UNEQUAL

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between means is given by L and
U: P L U 1 a
1 2 L: lower value
s12 s22 U: Upper value
Note: There is no U x1 x2 ta
, n1 n2
0 in this
2

s12 s22
equation, because L x1 x2 ta
, n1 n2
2
we would only be
interested in the TI-83/84:
difference between STATTESTS0: 2-SampTInt
the means for a CI
28
 One-Sided Confidence Intervals on Population Mean,
, Variances UNKNOWN and UNEQUAL

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between means is given by L and U:
PL 1 2 1 a
Note: There is no or
0 in this L: lower value
P1 2 U 1 a
equation, because U: Upper value
we would only be S12 S 22
U x1 x2 ta ,
interested in the n1 n2
difference between
S12 S 22
the means for a CI L x1 x2 ta ,
n1 n2
29
 Case 2 and Case 3:
Accommodating 0 with TI-83, 84
H 0 : 1 2 0 When you enter Stats data into the 2-
same as SampTTest option, add 0 to the value
H 0 : 1 2 0 you input for x2
same as
H 0 : 1 ( 2 0 ) 0

30
 Cases 1, 2 and 3:
Computing the p-value
1. Determine the numerical value of the test statistic, z0 for Case 1
and t0 for Cases 2 and 3.
2. For Case 1, draw the pdf of Z, the standard normal random
variable. For Cases 2 and 3, draw the pdf of the T distribution.

If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is < 0, the Two-sided
p-value is 2x (area below the test statistic)
H0: 1 2 = 0
If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is > 0, the H1: 1 2 0
p-value is 2x (area above the test statistic).

One-sided upper
If you have a one-sided upper hypothesis test, the p-value is the area
above the test statistic. The test statistic could be < 0 or > 0). H0: 1 2 = 0
H1: 1 2 > 0

If you have a one-sided lower hypothesis test, the p-value is the area
One-sided lower
below the test statistic. The test statistic could be < 0 or > 0).
H0: 1 2 = 0
H1: 1 2 < 0
31
 Ch. 5 : Cases 1, 2 and 3 Comparison
Case 1 Case 2 Case
Null H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0

Alternative (2-sided) H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0

Alternative (1-sided upper) H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0

Alternative (1-sided lower) H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0

1 and 2 Known. Do Case 5 first. Do Case 5 first.

Unknown, assumed Unknown, assumed
EQUAL, estimated UNEQUAL, estimated
by s1 and s2 . by s1 and s2 .
Pooled? Yes Pooled? No
Test Statistic z t0 t0
Degrees of freedom Not applicable n 1 + n2 - 2
32
Case 4. Test of Hypothesis on Mean Difference
of Two Treatments (one population)
Variance Unknown
Case 4. Test of Hypothesis on Mean Difference
of Two Treatments (one population)
Variance Unknown
 What if we want to do a
hypothesis test on the differences
between pairs of data whose
variance of the difference is
unknown?
Paired T-Test
 Example Situation 1
You want to test the hypothesis that the
heart rate of a male is higher by at least 20
beats per minute after going down and up
one flight of stairs three (3) times
What sort of experiment would you set up?

36
 Example Situation 2
From the Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA):
Ten adult males ages 45 - 55 are recruited to
study a new cholesterol medication.
Analysts wish to determine if the medication
decreases the total cholesterol levels in this
population.

37
X1 and X2
are random
variables Data
D = X1 - X2 Samples is of adult males ages 45-55
X1 is the total cholesterol level before medication

is a random X2 is the total cholesterol level after 6 months on the medication n=10
Person x1 x2 d = x1-x2 d1
variable 1 240 196 44
2 275 232 43
3 220 214 6 d2
4 222 226 -4
D is a random 5 256 200 56
etc.
6 311 301 10
variable 7
8
212
220
215
220
-3
0
9 284 280 4
10 306 241 65
d
S2 and SD
D
Sample Average = 22.1

are random
Sample Std. Dev. = 27.17
sd
variables
sd
d will be the estimate of D 38
 T
D D
The statistic T ~ Tn 1
SD
n
where SD is the sample standard deviation of the difference
in paired observations
n is the sample size.
n-1 is the degrees of freedom

d will be the estimate of D

39
 Case 4: Test of Hypothesis on Mean Difference of Two
Treatments
(one population)
Variance Unknown
H 0 : d 0

H 1 : d 0 H 1 : d 0 H 1 : d 0
Reject H0 if |t0 | > ta/2,n-1 Reject H0 if t0 > ta, n-1 Reject H0 if t0 < - ta,n-1

d 0 Reject H0 if p-value is < a

t0
sd Note that this is exactly Case
n 2 from Ch. 4, a test of
hypothesis on a mean.
n
TI-83/84:
d
STATTESTS 2: T-Test
i
d i 1
n

d d
2
i
sd i 1
n 1 40
 Two-Sided Confidence Interval on Mean Difference
(one population)
Variance Unknown
A (1-a% confidence interval on the true
difference is given by L and U:
L: lower value
P L D U 1 a
U: Upper value
sd
U d ta
, n 1 n
2
TI-83/84:
sd
L d ta STATTESTS 8: TInterval
, n 1 n
2

41
Two-Sided Confidence Interval on Mean Difference
(one population)
Variance Unknown

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference is given by L and U:
P L D 1 a
or
L: lower value
P D U 1 a
U: Upper value
sd
U d ta ,n 1
n
sd
L d ta ,n 1
n
42
 Cases 4:
Computing the p-value
1. Determine the numerical value of the test statistic, t0 .
2. Draw the pdf of the T distribution.

If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is < 0, the
p-value is 2x (area below the test statistic)
Two-sided
If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is > 0, the
H0: d = 0
p-value is 2x (area above the test statistic).
H1: d 0

If you have a one-sided upper hypothesis test, the p-value is the area
above the test statistic. The test statistic could be < 0 or > 0). One-sided upper
H0: d = 0
If you have a one-sided lower hypothesis test, the p-value is the area H1: d > 0
below the test statistic. The test statistic could be < 0 or > 0).
One-sided lower
H0: d = 0
H1: d < 0
43
Case 6. Hypothesis Tests on the
Equality of Two Proportions
 Notation
n1 and n2 are sample sizes from two different populations.
x1 and x2 are the number of observations from n1 and n2 belonging
to a class of interest. (x1 and x2, in this application, are not random
variables, but integers.)
p1 and p2 are the population proportions (0 < p1,p2 < 1) belonging
to the class of interest.
x x

p1 1

1n
and
2

p
2

2 n are the sample population proportions.

p is the common proportion of observations belonging to the class
of interest.
x x
p . 1 2 is an estimator of p
n1 n2

45
 Z
The statistic Z
P P p p ~ N 0,1
1 2 1 2

1 1
P(1 P)
n1 n2

46
 Case 6: Test of Hypothesis on the Equality of Two
Proportions
H 0 : p1 p2 0

H1 : p1 p2 0 H1 : p1 p2 0 H1 : p1 p2 0

Reject H0 if |z0 | > za/2 Reject H0 if z0 > za Reject H0 if z0 < - za

P-value = 2[1-f(|z0|)] P-value = 1 f(z0) P-value = f(z0)

p1 p 2 0 x1 x2
z0 p
1 1 n1 n2
p (1 p ) TI-83/84:
n1 n2
STATTESTS 6: 2-PropZTest
Reject H0 if p-value is < a

47
Two-Sided Confidence Interval on the Difference of
Population Proportions

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between proportions is given by
L and U: L: lower value
PL p1 p2 U 1 a U: Upper value
p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
L p1 p2 z a
2 n1 n2
p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
U p1 p2 z a TI-83/84:
n1 n2
STATTESTS B: 2-PropZInt
2

48
One-Sided Confidence Interval on the Difference of
Population Proportions

A (1-a% confidence interval on the true

difference between proportions is given by
L and U:
PL p1 p2 1 a L: lower value
or
U: Upper value
P p1 p2 U 1 a
p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
L p1 p2 za
n1 n2
p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
U p1 p2 za
n1 n2
49
 Case 6:Computing the p-value
1. Clearly state the null and alternative hypotheses, H0 and H1.
2. Determine the numerical value of the test statistic, z0 .
3. Draw the pdf of Z, the standard normal random variable

If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is < 0, the
p-value is 2x (area below the test statistic) Two-sided
H0: p1 p2 = 0
If you have a two-sided hypothesis test and the test statistic is > 0, the
p-value is 2x (area above the test statistic). H1: p1 - p2 0

If you have a one-sided upper hypothesis test, the p-value is the area One-sided upper
above the test statistic. The test statistic could be < 0 or > 0).
H0: p1 p2 = 0
H1: p1 - p2 > 0
If you have a one-sided lower hypothesis test, the p-value is the area
below the test statistic. The test statistic could be < 0 or > 0).
One-sided lower
H0: p1 p2 = 0
H1: p1 - p2 <0
50
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA):
Hypothesis Tests for More Than
Two Populations
P-value reminders and something
new
If p-value
is very, very small (<< .01), we REJECT H0
in favor of H0
is a, we REJECT H0

If p-value
is very big (> .20), we FAIL TO REJECT H0
is > a, we FAIL TO REJECT H0
52
Completely Randomized
Experiment
ANOVA
 ANOVA Notation:
Completely Randomized Experiment
Treatments: The aspects about which you are trying to determine a
difference or not.
ti is the ith treatment effect, typically measured as deviations from an
overall process mean
n is the number of observations in a treatment.
When n is not the same for each treatment, we say the design is unbalanced.
a is the number of treatments

54
 Assumptions
Each observation is obtained randomly

55
 The Hypothesis Test
H 0 : t 1 t 2 t 3 ... t a 0
H1 : t i 0 for at least one i
Reject H0 if p-value is < a

H0 in English.
There is no difference between the treatments with respect to
measured observations
H1 in English.
There is at least one treatment that is yielding statistically different
observations
56
57
 Problem Using Excel
1. Enter the data into an Excel sheet
Temperature
100 125 150 175
21.8 21.7 21.9 21.9
There are 21.9 21.4 21.8 21.7
22 separate 21.7 21.5 21.8 21.8
21.6 21.5 21.6 21.7
and distinct 21.7 21.5 21.6
21.5 21.8
items 21.8

Note: This is an unbalanced design because

n100 = 7, n125 = 4, n150 = 5 and n175 = 6.
58
No fearExcel will take care of you.
2. Go to Tools, then Data Analysis, then Anova: Single Factor

59
3. Click in the Input Range window
4. Highlight the treatment labels and all the data (in this case,
cell A2 through cell D9)

5. Select Grouped By
Columns
6. Select Labels as
First Row
7. Select the desired
Type I error level,
Alpha (a
8. Click in the
Output Range
window and select any
cell in the sheet where
you want your results
to show (here cell A11)
60
9. Click Okay
 The p-value is .08 > .05, so we
FAIL TO REJECT H0

What you should see

Temperature
100 125 150 175 Excel will use the
21.8 21.7 21.9 21.9 average n if there are
21.9 21.4 21.8 21.7
21.7 21.5 21.8 21.8
not an equal number of
21.6 21.5 21.6 21.7 observations
21.7 21.5 21.6 per treatment. In this
21.5 21.8
case, n = (n100 + n125 +
21.8
n150 + n175)/4 = (7 + 4 + 5
Anova: Single Factor + 6)/4 = 22/4
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
100 7 152 21.71428571 0.018095
125 4 86.1 21.525 0.015833
150 5 108.6 21.72 0.027
Between Groups: Treatments 175 6 130.5 21.75 0.011
Within Groups: Observations

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 0.13911039 3 0.04637013 2.615911 0.082655 3.159911
Within Groups 0.319071429 18 0.01772619

Total 0.458181818 21
61
 What you should conclude

Since p-value is > a, we fail to reject H0

and conclude that temperature has no effect
on brick density.. Same thing.

62
Randomized Complete Block
Experiment
ANOVA
How is this application different from a
completely randomized experiment
(previous slides)?
If subjects that receive a particular
treatment are the same, then we have a
randomized block design
analogy is the paired t-test we did with the
mazes
Block design removes differences among
experimental subjects

64
 Example of difference
Completely Randomized Experiment:
I have three arthritis medications. I want to know if there is
a significant difference between them.
I enlist 12 people for my study and randomly assign them
one of the three meds.
They report their pain indices (while on the medication) as
scores between 0 (no pain) and 10 (most pain).
I will name these people Abe, Bob, Cal, Dave, Ed, Fred,
Gary, Hal, Jon, Lee, Mike, Ned

65
 Randomized Block Experiment:
Same study, but I want to eliminate the inherent
differences between person 1, person 2, , person 12.
For this study, I enlist four men: Rob, Sal, Ted and Vic
Each man gets to try each medication in sequence and
reports his pain index from 0 (no pain) to 10 (high pain)
while on each medication

66
Completely Randomized vs.
Randomized Block
Observations
Med 1 8 (Mike) 7 (Dave) 6 (Lee) 3 (Gary)
Med 2 6 (Fred) 7 (Abe) 4 (Hal) 9 (Cal)
Med 3 6 (Jon) 5 (Ned) 8 (Bob) 7 (Ed)

Rob Sal Ted Vic

Med 1 8 9 6 3
Med 2 7 1 4 10
Med 3 7 5 8 7

67
 ANOVA Notation:
Randomized Block Experiment
Treatments: The aspects about which you are trying to determine a difference or
not.
ti is the ith treatment effect, typically measured as deviations from an overall
process mean
n is the number of observations in a treatment.
When n is not the same for each treatment, we say the design is unbalanced.
a is the number of treatments
b is the number of blocks

68
 The Hypothesis Test
H 0 : t 1 t 2 t 3 ... t a 0
H1 : t i 0 for at least one i
H0 in English.
There is no difference between the treatments with respect to
measured observations
H1 in English.
There is at least one treatment that is yield statistically different
observations

Reject H0 if p-value < a

69
70
 Example using Excel

1. Enter the data into an Excel sheet. Treatments need to be

in columns.

Subject Trainee Trainer Lab

1 0.05 0.05 0.04
2 0.05 0.05 0.04
3 0.04 0.04 0.03
4 0.15 0.17 0.1

Note: No a is given, so I have chosen a = .05

71
2. Go to Tools, then Data Analysis, then Anova: Two Factor
Without Replication

72
3. Click in the Input Range window
4. Highlight everything (in this case,
cell A1 through cell D5)!

5. Select Labels
6. Select the desired
Type I error level,
Alpha (a
7. Click in the
Output Range
window and select any
cell in the sheet where
you want your results
to show (here cell A7)
8. Click Okay

73
 The p-value is .125 > .05, so we
FAIL TO REJECT H0

What you should see

Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication

SUMMARY Count Sum Average Variance

1 3 0.14 0.046666667 3.33333E-05
2 3 0.14 0.046666667 3.33333E-05
3 3 0.11 0.036666667 3.33333E-05
4 3 0.42 0.14 0.0013

Trainee 4 0.29 0.0725 0.002691667

Trainer 4 0.31 0.0775 0.003825
Lab 4 0.21 0.0525 0.001025

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Rows 0.021225 3 0.007075 30.32142857 0.000506 4.757055
Columns 0.0014 2 0.0007 3 0.125 5.143249
Error 0.0014 6 0.000233333

Total 0.024025 11

74
 What you should conclude
Since p-value > a, we fail to reject H0 and
conclude that there is no difference in
arsenic test procedure

75
 Case 1
Chapter 5 Summary
Case 5 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 6
H0 : 1 2 0 12 H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : 1 2 0 H0 : d = 0 H0 : p1 - p2 = 0
Null
H0 : 2 1
Hypothesis 2
Test statistic
z0
x1 x2 0
s12 x x 0 x x 0
1 2 d 0 z0
p1 p 2 0
1 1
12 22 f0 2 t0 1 2 t0
s s2 2 t0 p (1 p )
n1 n2
1 1
sd
n1 n2 s2 sp
n1 n2
1 2
p
x1 x2
n1 n2 n n1 n2

2-Sided L x1 x2 s12 L x1 x2 L x1 x2
L f1a / 2,n2 1,n1 1 L p1 p2
Confidence 2
2
s22 sd
za 1
2
ta
1 1
s12 s22 L d ta p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
Interval n1 n2 ,n1 n2 2
sp ta ,n 1 n za
2
s2 n1 n2 , n1 n2 2 n1 n2
U 12 fa / 2,n2 1,n1 1
2 2
2
sd
U x1 x2
s2
U x1 x2
U d ta U p1 p2
,n 1 n
U x1 x2 p1 1 p1 p2 1 p2
2
2
2
1 1 za
za 1
2
ta sp n1 n2
n1 n2 ,n1 n2 2 n1 n2 2
2 2
s12 s22
ta
, n1 n2
2