Principles of Stress

and Adaptation
Irfannuddin, Hardi Darmawan, Heri Asnawi
Department of Physiology & Biophysic
Block of Homeostatic & Metabolism
Learning Objectives

1. Adaptation as a part of homeostasis

2. Definition and examples of stress and
stressor
3. Definition and example of adaptation
4. Basic principles of adaptation
5. Body responses to stress
6. Factors that influence the body responses
of stress
7. Recovery of stress
Your life is like a sail
Stress is like the
wind
The sail moves
because the wind
Be careful for the
typhoon..
Introduction
Do you imagine..
What happen to your body if there is no O2
in only a few minutes ?
What happen to your body if the temperature
of environment is increase to 50C or
decrease to below 0C ?
Why ?
Some people still exist on the peak of
Everest mountain ?
Some people still live while diving in deep
sea in a few minutes with-out O2 ?
Claude Bernard (1870)
The organism isconstructed
in such a fashion that, on the
one hand, there is full
communication between the
external environment and the
milieu interieur, and on
other, that there are
protective functions holding
living materials in reserve and
maintaining and other
conditions indispensable to
vital activity.
Sickness and death are only a
dislocation or perturbation of
these process
Walter Cannon (1929)
Harvard physiologist
Homeostasis
The actions cells responding to
perturbing stimuli in terms of dynamic
equilibrium and variability, rather than
absolute intracellular constancy.
Indicate similarity with some variability
rather than sameness
Body tendency to maintain a steady
state despite external changes
What is stress ?

The condition of body that out from

homeostatic balance
What is stressor ?

The influences that throw the body out

of homeostatic balance
Unpleasant or noxious stimuli

Disrupt human homeostasis

Cause physiological responses or

adaptation
Examples of stressor
Externalenvironment
Internal environment
Heat-cold
Odor
Sleep
Food
Hunger
Water
Thirst
Hypoxia
Infection
Noise
Ion imbalance
Light-darkness
Fear, anxiety
Trauma/injury
Muscle tension
Electric shock
Internal clocks
Physicalemotion
Intense threat
Bacteria/viruses
Autonomic change
Psychological
Abstracts though
threat
What is adaptation ?

Adaptive responses
Physiological changes that minimize
bodily strain
The bodys attempt to counteract
stressor and reestablish homeostasis
The return to non stress conditions
reflects improved bodily function in the
involved organ or system
Type of adaptations

1. Accommodation
2. Acclimation & acclimatization
3. Genetic adaptation
1. Accommodation

Short term adaptation

Immediate physiological change in the
sensitivity of a cell or tissue to change
Example:
Hormone secretion
Cardiovascular activity
2. Acclimation & acclimatization

Intermediate adaptation
Involve a complex array of adaptive
responses
Acclimation
Induced experimentally in an artificial
environment
Example: exercise training
Acclimatization
Induced by exposure of natural environment
Example: adaptation in high altitude
3. Genetic adaptation

Long term adaptation

Semi-permanent changes in:
Morphological
Physiological
Occur over many generations with in
one species that favor survival.
 Types of adaptation
Adaptation Mode Site Affect Time to Examples
develop
Accommodation Cells Biochemical Minutes, Hormone
reaction hours secretion,
enzyme
activity
Acquired
Acclimation during life Tissue, organ Structure Days, weeks Hypertrophy,
(e.g. hyperplasia
membranes,
cytoplasm)
Acclimatization Organ Function Days, weeks Heat or high-
systems, altitude
body acclimation
Genetic Inherited Population Traits Years, Changes in
adaptation at birth (ie.genotype) generations characteristic
of species,
natural
selection
 Basic principles of adaptation

1. Cells, organs and body systems are highly organized

and capable to change
2. Each environment requires a unique adaptive responses
3. Human may lack/insufficient hereditary abilities to adapt
to all stressful environment
4. Stressful experiences result in:
Personal growth
Temporary perturbation
Permanent/deleterious effect
5. People vary in their capacity to respond to stress
Different individuals respond to the same stressor with
different outcomes depend
Basic principles of adaptation
6. Stressor may have positive effects
(physical & psychosocial)
Stamina, coping style
7. Physical stressor are strongly mediated by
psychological factors
Low stressor (not alarming)
Smaller physiological responses
8. Human are able to prevent, avoid, control
to a stressor
9. Physiological responses can be
excessive, inappropriate, inadequate, or
disordered
1. Chronic inflammatory disease (rheumatoid)
Basic Principles of Adaptation
10. Psychological strategies may alter the amount of strain
experience caused by stressor
1. Worry, fear, panic exceed the responses
2. Coping (self-deception, prayer, share) increase the
adaptation
11. Mediator biological, social, psychological modifier that
act on stressor to alter the level of physiological strain
1. Genetic characteristic (biological)
2. Peer/parental expectation (social)
3. Personality (psychological)

12. Physiological/behavioral changes sometimes occur before

a stressor encountered as anticipation
1. Athletes prevent jitters before competition caused by
sympathetic, endocrine, and CV activity
Factors that influence the
responses of stress
Personal appraisal of stressors
Level of tolerance
Emotional response
Genetic characteristic
Resources available
Immune system competence
Physical fitness
Age
Nature and duration of previous exposure
Control or escape possibilities
Intelligence, education, skill
Number of similar previous experience
Bodys Responses to Stress

Mobilized by :
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Endocrine System
Immune System
Effect to :
All the systems in body
Respond to various stressor in unique
ways
Central Nervous System

Brain receives afferent input

Brain sends efferent output that
maintains homeostasis
Neurotransmitters (serotonin,
dopamine, nor epinephrine, GABA)
are secreted and affect physiological
responses
Energy mobilization
Cardiovascular responsive
Endocrine System
During stress
Catabolic hormones (cortisol, epinephrine
and nor epinephrine) cause:
Tissue breakdown
Nutrient mobilization
cell metabolism
Recovery from stress
Anabolic hormones (insulin, testosterone,
estrogen)
Enhancing tissue growth
cell metabolism
 Endocrine system in stress
Stressors

SAM Axis HPA Axis

Hypothalamus
CRH

Sympathetic Anterior
spinal nerve pituitary
ACTH
Epinephrine
Adrenal
Nor Adrenal
epinephrine cortex
medulla
Cortisol

Target organ Stimulates energy

mobilization & Immune
redistribution; response &
Arousal,
CV responsivity inflammation
aggressiveness
 Catecholamines
i.e.: epinephrine, nor epinephrine (adrenalin, noradrenalin)
Fight or flight reaction (sympathetic) hormones
Stimulated by:
Low blood glucose
blood volume (BV), blood pressure (BP)
Exercise, stressor
Effects:
CV activity HR, Heart contractility, vasoconstriction
BV, BP
Divert blood to muscles & skin from GI-tract, hepar, & kidney
FFA, glycogen mobilization blood glucose
Mental activity
Cellular metabolism
 Organ Receptors Sympathies Parasympatis
Heart 1 HR & Contraction HR & Contraction
Vascular Vasoconstriction Dilatation
Muscle &Coronary
dilatation
Pulmonary 2 Bronchioles dilatation Bronchioles constriction
Mucous secretion Mucous secretion
Digestive , 2 peristaltic,
sphincter move, sphincter
constriction/distention, relaxation
glands secretion
Gland secretion
Gall blader 2 Relaxes Contracts (mixturition)
Eye (iris), Midriasis pupil, long focus Miosis pupil, close focus
2(silier)
Liver 2 Glycogenolisis -
Adipose Cells 2 Lipolysis -
Pancreas enzyme, insulin, glucagons enzyme, insulin, glucagons

Sweat glands sweat -

Parotids Mucous secretion Water secretion
Adenohypophyses Cholinergic E & NE -
Genital Ejaculation & Orgasm Erection (penis & clitoris)
Muscle ? alertness -
Corticosteroids

i.e: cortisol
Controlled by HPA axis
During stress; 20x

Effects:
CHO production from protein & fat
(Gluconeogenesis)
Inflammation, Immune system
Other effects of Sympathetic and Cortisol

growth
reproduction, ovulation, sexual
activity, eating
 Effects of Volume & Intensity of
Stressors Related to Hormones
Change in blood concetration
Hormones During intense, During moderate,
brief activity prolong activity
Epinephrine -
Norepinephrine -
Cortisol -
Growth Hormone -
Thyroxine -
Prolactin -
 Recovery of stress

Normalization of organs function after

stressful condition
Transition of high energy systems to
low energy system
Recovery process

Normalization of functional systems to

resting level
Repletion of energy depletion

Super compensation

Elimination of intermediate metabolic

accumulation
Normalization of homeostatic balance
Recovery phases
Rapid recovery Late recovery
Normalization of functional
activity
Normalization of
homeostatic balance
Resuscitation of work
capacity
Resuscitation and super compensation of energy
resources
Reconstruction function
Normalization of functional
activity
Oxygen recovery
Tachycardia & Tachypnoe after sprint
Lactate oxidation & pH balance
Coris cycle
Electrolytes (Na-K) reposition
Active transport
Endocrine
Para-sympathetic & Anabolic hormones
Energy Repletion
Gluconeogenesis
>>> from Free fatty acid glucose
ATP & Phophocreatine re-synthesis
Glycogen re-synthesis
Insulin induced
Super-compensation
Glycogen & posphocreatine re-synthesis
higher than before last stress
Depend on nutrition (CH2O loading) &
anabolic activity
 Reconstruction

Protein synthesis
Repair of cell damage
Re-synthesis actins-myosin
c-leucine myosin
(super-compensation)
?
Thanks