A case study about CANON EOS

autofocus camera

-Submitted by
S.Aravind
16MD01
CANON EOS:

EOS stands for Electro Optical System.

Design encompasses the whole of mechatronics,
requiring as it does the integration of sensor and drive
technologies with the internal distributed processing
power and the user interface.
Fig2: Various types of lenses

Fig 1: Canon EOS

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Fig 3: Understanding the working principle of Canon EOS

The major mechatronics elements are listed below
Microcontroller
Actuators
Focusing drives
Sensors
I/O interface
MECHATRONICS ELEMENTS:
MICROCONTROLLER two microcontroller are used.
Main microcontroller it is high speed, single chip, 8 bit device with
a built in EEPROM.
- minimum processing time is 1 micro second
- uses 16 bit arithmetic for addition, subtraction
and division and 8 bit arithmetic for multiplication.
- it is responsible for the control of all automatic
exposure and auto-focus functions.
- it provides sequence control for the complete
camera.
Lens microcontroller it issues signals to drive motors to adjusting
the focusing of the lens.

ACTUATORS - Responsible for transforming the output of

microcontroller into a controlling action.
- the function is to transport the film, shutter and
mirror action, lens aperture drive and shutter management is
exposure time control
MECHATRONICS ELEMENTS:
SENSORS the sensors used here are
1.Range sensor(distance measurement for focus)
2.Metering sensor (6 light sensors)
3.Flash control sensor .
FOCUSING DRIVE two forms of focusing drives are used
1.Arc form drive
2.Ultrasonic motor

INPUT DEVICE
Dial switch mode select, used in combination with other controls
Push buttons function settings, exposure control
Slide switch selection of automatic or manual focusing
Rotary switch On/Off, ready and fully automatic settings
OUTPUT DEVICE
Body panel it contain LCD to provide information on exposure and
focusing modes, film speed and frame count.
- Displays aperture value and shutter speed.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

FIG 4: Block diagram

METERING SENSOR:
It consist of six light sensor named as L1,L2,L3,L4,L5 and L6 .

FIG 5: Divisions of light

sensor for
understanding

Average value of L3,L4,L5,L6 are calculated and also with L1 and

L2 , the value of expousre is determined.
Once the exposure value is found, in automatic mode, this
information is translated into appropriate shutter speed and
aperture values for the particular lens being used.
METERING SENSOR ALGORITHUM:

Fig 6: Structure for evaluative metering algorithum

For example for closeup of a person, so that there is a bright central zone
surrounded by dark background.
The aperture value is transmitted to the lens microcontroller which will then
operate the aperture drive motor when the shutter button is fully pressed
 AUTO FOCUS:
The aperture drive motor is for auto-focusing.

FIG 7:
Principle of
auto-focusing

The focus is achieved when the two images produced by focusing optical systems
are positioned at the reference positions of the sensor.
FOCUSING DRIVES:
To avoid auto-focusing , compact high torque drives are required for
focusing mechanism.
Two forms of drives are used on the lenses for the EOS control
They are 1. arc form drive
2. ultrasonic motor
Each of these operates under the control of the lens microcontroller
using the information received from the main microcontroller.

ULTRASONIC MOTOR:
Ultrasonic motor uses the series of piezoelectric elements
connected on to a backing plate to form a ring.
Ultrasonic motor is represented in the fig8.
When the current is supplied to the individual elements they will
expand or contract according to the polarity of the current.
 ULTRASONIC MOTOR:

Fig 8:
Ultrasonic
motor
(USM)

Controller sends the current to the elements in the appropriate

sequences, a bending wave can be made to travel in either the clockwise
or the anticlockwise direction around the ring.
This motion is then transmitted to the rotor which drives the cam to move
the focusing element.
It provides compact, silent, low speed, high torque drive whose ring
shape is ideally suited to the structure of the lens
SUMMARIZE for the MICROCONTROLLER:
For the main microcontroller
Send start command to lens microcontroller
Take input from range sensor
Calculate the movement required
Send lens movement data to lens microcontroller
Wait for verification of lens movement from microcontroller
Send in-focus signal to display

For the lens microcontroller

Wait for start command from main microcontroller
Determine initial lens position
wait for the lens movement data from the main microcontroller
Read lens movement data
Calculate new lens position
While lens is not in new position , drive the motor
Send verification signal of in-focus to main microcontroller
REFERENCES:
Mechatronics electronics control systems in mechanical and
electrical engineering by W.Bolton

Mechatronics-electronics in product and processes by

D.A.Bradley, D.Dawson, N.C.Burd and A.J.Loader

Mechatronics principles and applications by Godfrey C.

Onwubolu

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