Module 7

Module 7 - 1
Module 7
Metric Practices for

Welding Inspection
Am e r i c a n We l d i n g So c i e t y
Module 7 - 2
Metric System
Le System
Internationale
dUnites
or :
SI
Module 7 - 3
Resistance to SI
Economic
Unfamiliarity
Not invented here
Requires effort
Others?
Module 7 - 4
SI Advantages
Simple base units
Worldwide usage
Based on powers of 10
Simple decimal system
Module 7 - 5
ANSI/AWS
A1.1 - 98
Module 7 - 6
U.S. Customary System

Complicated
Awkward
Confusing
Used only by U.S.
But we are familiar with it, and we love it!
Module 7 - 7
U.S. System - 1 of 2
Length - Inch, foot, yard, etc.
Mass - Ounce, pound, ton, etc.
Volume - Ounce, pint, quart, etc
Area - Square feet, acre, etc
Others - Various units
Module 7 - 8
U.S. System - 2 of 2
Conversion factors are not in multiples of 10
12 inches per foot

36 inches per yard
5,280 feet per mile
1,760 yards per mile
et cetera, et cetera
Module 7 - 9
SI System - Table 7.1

Only one unit for each type of measurement
Length - Meter
Mass - Kilogram
Volume - Liter
Area - Square meters
Others - One base unit
Module 7 - 10
AWS SI Version
Note: The true SI system uses the gram (g) for
mass but AWS in A1.1-98 has selected the
kilogram (kg) as the base unit for mass. This
was done to simplify the welding usage of
mass.
Module 7 - 11
SI System Prefixes - Table 7.2

Based on powers of 10
Preferred units in multiples of 103
Kilo - k - 1,000 - 103

Mega - M - 1,000,000 - 106
Milli - m - 1/1,000 - 10-3
Micro - - 1/1,000,000 - 10-6
Module 7 - 12
SI Welding Units - Table 7.3

Deposition rate kg/hr
Flow rate L/min
Tensile strength MPa
Travel speed mm/s
Wire feed speed mm/s
Pressure kPa
Module 7 - 13
Positive & Negative Numbers - 1 of 2
Addition and Subtraction a -3 added to a -4 = -7

5 added to 7 = 12 5 minus a -8 = +13
11 minus 6 = 5 a -8 minus a -4 = -4
5 added to a -7 = -2 a -9 minus 6 = -15
Module 7 - 14
Positive & Negative Numbers - 2 of 2

Multiplication and Division
(-6) x (-5) = +30
(-5) x (3) = -15
(-6) (2) = -3
(8) (-4) = -2
(-9) (-3) = +3
Module 7 - 15
Scientific Notation
SN
Writing a number such that the decimal

point is always moved to the immediate right
of the first digit not zero, and its relative size
expressed as an exponent (power of ten).
Module 7 - 16
Exponents - Positive Powers of 10

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised
to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 580 = 1)
101 = 10
102 = 100
103 = 1,000
106 = 1,000,000
Positive Exponents = Numbers greater than 1
Module 7 - 17
Exponents - Negative Powers of 10

100 = 1 (by definition. Any number raised
to a zero power equals 1 ; e.g., 250 = 1)
10-1 = 0.1 read as one tenth
10-2 = 0.01 read as one hundredth
10-3 = 0.001 read as one thousandth
10-6 = 0.000001 read as one millionth
Negative Exponents = Numbers less than 1
Module 7 - 18
SN Examples
234 = 2.34 x 10
5,678 = 5.678 x 10
0.0234 = 2.34 x 10
0.000567 = 5.67 x 10
In the first answer example above, 2.34 is

called the root, 10 is the base, and the 2 is
the exponent
Module 7 - 19
SN Advantages
Simplifies very large numbers
Simplifies very small numbers
A decimal system
Based on powers of ten
Simplifies calculations
Module 7 - 20
Conversion Example 1 & 2

70,000 psi = ?? Pa (1 psi = 6,895 Pa)
70,000 x 6,895 = 482,650,000 Pa
= 4.8265 x 108 Pa
But UTS in metric is usually given in Mpa. So,

70,000 psi = ?? Mpa (1 psi = 6.895 x 10-3 MPa)
(70,000) x (6.895 x 10-3 ) = 482.65 MPa
Module 7 - 21
Number Position & Name - Ex. 3

For the number: 1,234,567.987654
To the left of the decimal : To the right of the decimal :
7 in units position 9 in tenths position
6 in tens position 8 in hundredths position
5 in hundreds position 7 in thousandths position
4 in thousands position 6 in ten thousandths
3 in ten thousands 5 in hundred thousandths
2 in hundred thousands 4 in millionths
1 in millionths position
Module 7 - 22
Exponential Multiplication - Ex. 4

Multiply the two roots in the normal fashion,
and then add exponent powers to get exponent
value :
(2.0 x 103) x (1.5 x 105) = 3.0 x 108

(1.0 x 108) x (4.5 x 107) = 4.5 x 1015
(3.5 x 10-3) x (2.0 x 106) = 7.0 x 103
(5 x 102) x (12 x 10-6) = 60 x 10-4 or, as follows:
= 6.0 x 10-3
Module 7 - 23
Exponential Division - Ex. 5

Divide the two roots in the normal fashion,
and then subtract the second exponent from
the first to get final exponent value :
(3.0 x 104 ) (1.5 x 102 ) = 2.0 x 102

(6.0 x 10-7 ) (3.0 x 103 ) = 2.0 x 10 -10
(4.5 x 104 ) (1.5 x 10 -5 ) = 3.0 x 109
(8.0 x 10 -6 ) (2.0 x 10 -9 ) = 4.0 x 103
Module 7 - 24
Addition With Exponents - Ex. 6

Same exponent required prior to adding;
usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :
(2.3 x 104 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = ??

(0.23 x 105 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = 3.77 x 105
(3.78 x 10-6 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = ??

(0.0378 x 10-4 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = 7.4878 x 10 -4
Module 7 - 25
Subtraction With Exponents - Ex. 7

Same exponent required prior to adding;
usually change the exponent of the smaller
value for ease of operation :
(7.8 x 106 ) - (9.4 x 104 ) = ??

(7.8 x 106 ) - (0.094 x 106 ) = 7.706 x 106
(3.9 x 10-4 ) - (6.1 x 10 -5 ) = ??

(3.9 x 10 -4 ) - (0.61 x 10 -4 ) = 3.29 x 10 -4
Module 7 - 26
Rounding Off Rules

Rule 1 - Increase the last retained digit by
one if the next digit to its right is 5 or larger
Rule 2 - Retain the last digit unchanged if
the next digit to its right is less than 5.
Module 7 - 27
Rounding Off - Example 8

8,937 = 9,000 Rounded to the nearest thousand
8,937 = 8,900 Rounded to the nearest hundred
8,937 = 8,940 Rounded to the nearest ten
Module 7 - 28
Rounding Off - Example 9

4.4638 = 4 Rounded to the nearest unit
4.4638 = 4.5 Rounded to the nearest tenth
4.4638 = 4.46 Rounded to the nearest hundredth
4.4638 = 4.464 Rounded to the nearest thousandth
Module 7 - 29
Rounding Errors
Rounding should always be done in a single

step to avoid rounding errors.
Module 7 - 30
Metric Prefixes
Metric prefixes can substitute for the

exponential form to simplify handling large
or small numbers.
Module 7 - 31
Metric Prefix Example 10
456,000,000 Pa = 456 MPa

56 km = 56,000 m
234,000 mm = 234 m
456 g = 0.456 kg
Module 7 - 32
Conversion Factors
To aid in converting values from one system

to another, conversion tables have been
prepared.
Module 7 - 33
Conversion Example 11
Convert 40.0 psi to kPa
Conversion factor, psi to kPa = 6.895
40.0 x 6.895 = 275.8 kPa

275.8 kPa rounds to 2.76 x 102 kPa
Module 7 - 34
Convert 625 MPa to psi
Conversion factor, MPa to psi = 1.450 x 102

625 MPa x 1.450 x 102
625 MPa x 145 =90,625 psi
= 9.06 x 104 psi
Module 7 - 35
Convert 5/32 to mm, 532= 0.156 in
Conversion factor, inches to mm = 25.4
0.156 x 25.4 = 3.9624 mm

= 3.96 mm
Module 7 - 36
Convert 7.3 kg/h to lb/h
Conversion factor, kg/h to lb/h = 2.205
7.3 x 2.205 = 16.0965 lb/h

= 16 lb/h
Module 7 - 37
Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 C to 0F
Conversion Factor (formula) is :

(0C x 1.8) + 32 = 0F
(100 x 1.8) + 32 = 180 + 32

= 212 F
Module 7 - 38
Temperature Conversion
Convert 1000 F to 0C
Conversion Factor (formula) is :

(0F - 32) 1.8 = 0C
(100 - 32) 1.8 = 68 1.8

= 37.8 0C
Module 7 - 39
Style and Usage - A1.1

Use prefixes where possible
Use steps of 1,000
Do not mix, unless warranted
Capitalization rules
Plurals
Punctuation
Number grouping
Module 7 - 40

Module 7

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Module 7

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Module 7 - 1

Metric Practices for

U.S. Customary System

But we are familiar with it, and we love it!

12 inches per foot

SI System - Table 7.1

SI System Prefixes - Table 7.2

Kilo - k - 1,000 - 103

SI Welding Units - Table 7.3

Positive & Negative Numbers - 1 of 2

Addition and Subtraction a -3 added to a -4 = -7

Positive & Negative Numbers - 2 of 2

Writing a number such that the decimal

Exponents - Positive Powers of 10

Exponents - Negative Powers of 10

In the first answer example above, 2.34 is

Conversion Example 1 & 2

But UTS in metric is usually given in Mpa. So,

Number Position & Name - Ex. 3

Exponential Multiplication - Ex. 4

(2.0 x 103) x (1.5 x 105) = 3.0 x 108

Exponential Division - Ex. 5

(3.0 x 104 ) (1.5 x 102 ) = 2.0 x 102

Addition With Exponents - Ex. 6

(2.3 x 104 ) + (3.54 x 105 ) = ??

(3.78 x 10-6 ) + (7.45 x 10-4 ) = ??

Subtraction With Exponents - Ex. 7

(7.8 x 106 ) - (9.4 x 104 ) = ??

(3.9 x 10-4 ) - (6.1 x 10 -5 ) = ??

Rounding Off Rules

Rounding Off - Example 8

Rounding Off - Example 9

Rounding should always be done in a single

Metric prefixes can substitute for the

Metric Prefix Example 10

456,000,000 Pa = 456 MPa

To aid in converting values from one system

Conversion factor, psi to kPa = 6.895

40.0 x 6.895 = 275.8 kPa

Conversion factor, MPa to psi = 1.450 x 102

Conversion factor, inches to mm = 25.4

0.156 x 25.4 = 3.9624 mm

Conversion factor, kg/h to lb/h = 2.205

7.3 x 2.205 = 16.0965 lb/h

Conversion Factor (formula) is :

(100 x 1.8) + 32 = 180 + 32

Conversion Factor (formula) is :

(100 - 32) 1.8 = 68 1.8

Style and Usage - A1.1

S-ar putea să vă placă și