Elementos

nativos
Luis Alberto Maydana Vilca
Profesor Mineraloga
Facultad de Minas
Universidad Nacional del Altiplano Puno - Per
 Generalidades

24 conocidos naturalmente.
Estado reducido = elementos nativos.
No combinados con aniones.
Raros en la naturaleza pero importantes.
Metales preciosos: Au, Ag, PGE, etc.
Uso industrial: Fe, Al, Mg, Cu, grafito,
etc.
Gemas preciosas: diamante.
Clasificacin con base en propiedades
que se derivan del enlace
Metales.
Enlaces metlicos puros.
Propiedades: lustre metlico, opacos, alta
conductividad elctrica y trmica, maleabilidad.
Ejemplos: Au, Ag, Pt, Cu, Fe, entre otros.
No metales.
Enlaces covalentes.
Propiedades: pobre conductividad elctrica,
brillo no metlico.
Ejemplos: diamante, grafito, azufre, entre otros.
Semimetales.
Intermedios entre METALES Y NO METALES.
Ejemplos: As, Sb, Bi, entre otros.
 Clasificacin con base en la
estructura cristalina
METALES.
Tipo ABC= CCP (o SD)*
CN=12.
PE= 74.05%
Ejemplos: Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Pt, Pd, Ni, Ir, Rh.
Tipo AB= HCP*
CN= 12
PE= 74.05%
Ejemplos: Os, Zn, Mg, entre otros.
Tipo (4/3)1/2 SD = BCC distorsionada*
CN= 8
PE= 68.02.
Ejemplos: Ta, Fe de baja.
 Oro
Chemical Formula: Au
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 196.97 gm
100.00 % Au
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Au
Environment: Quartz veins and alluvial deposits.
IMA Status: Valid Species (Pre-IMA) Prehistoric
Locality: Sierra Nevada Mountains, Nome, Alaska
and many other places in the world.
Name Origin: Anglo Saxon, of uncertain origin.
Synonym: Electrum - Ag Alloy
 Propiedades Fsicas

Cleavage: None
Color: Yellow, Pale yellow, Orange, Yellow white, Reddish
white.
Density: 16 - 19.3, Average = 17.64
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured
metals).
Habit: Arborescent.
Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral
crystals in matrix.
Habit: Platy - Sheet forms (e.g. micas).
Hardness: 2.5-3 - Finger Nail-Calcite
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
Streak: yellow
 Plata
Chemical Formula: Ag
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 107.87 gm
100.00 % Ag
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Ag
Environment: In sulfide ore veins.
Locality: Mexico and Norway have large deposits
of silver. Known to ancient civilizations.
Name Origin: Anglo-Saxon, of unknown origin.
Synonym:
Cocinerite-mixture with chalcocite
Electrum - Au Alloy
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: None
Color: Silver white, Gray white, Gray.
Density: 10 - 11, Average = 10.5
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured
metals).
Habit: Arborescent - "Tree like" growths of branched systems
(e.g. silver).
Habit: Dendritic - Branching "tree-like" growths of great
complexity (e.g. pyrolusite).
Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
Hardness: 2.5-3 - Finger Nail-Calcite
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
Streak: silver white
Thick, ropy, native silver wires with blocky, well-crystallized stephanite on
white and tan calcite matrix.
Location: Freiberg, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Alemania, Germay
Comments: Black metallic massive mckinstryite with wire silver.
Location: Peregrina Mine, Guanajuato, Mexico.
 Plata y cobre

Plata y calcita
 Cobre
Chemical Formula: Cu
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 63.55 gm
100.00 % Cu
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Cu
Environment: Cap rock of copper sulfide veins and
in some types of volcanic rocks.
Locality: Northern Michigan, USA, Cyprus island,
Greece.
Name Origin: From the Greek, Kyprios, the name
of the island of Cyprus, once producing this metal.
Synonym:
Cuivre
Kupfer
 Propiedades Fsicas

Cleavage: None
Color: Brown, Copper red, Light pink, Red.
Density: 8.94 - 8.95, Average = 8.94
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g.
fractured metals).
Habit: Arborescent - "Tree like" growths of
branched systems (e.g. silver).
Habit: Nodular - Tuberose forms having irregular
protuberances over the surface.
Hardness: 2.5-3 - Finger Nail-Calcite
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
Streak: rose
Cobre nativo
Cobre nativo
Cobre nativo
 Platino

Chemical Formula: Pt
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 195.08 gm
100.00 % Pt
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Pt
Environment: Mainly in grains and nuggets in
alluvial deposits.
Locality: Most notably from the Urals, Russia and
Brazil. Discovered in Colombia!!!!
Name Origin: Spanish, platina = "silver."
Synonym: ICSD 64917 PDF 4-802
 Propiedades Fsicas

Cleavage: None
Color: Whitish steel gray, Steel gray, Dark gray.
Density: 14 - 22, Average = 18
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g.
fractured metals).
Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to
subhedral crystals in matrix.
Habit: Nuggets - Irregular lumps produced by
stream transport of malleable metals.
Hardness: 4-4.5 - Between Fluorite and Apatite
Luminescence: Non-fluorescent.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Naturally weak
Streak: grayish white
Comments: Crystallized platinum nugget.
Location: Russia.
Scale: 0.5 x 0.7 cm.
Comments: Stream-worn, platinum nugget with chromite? Inclusions.
Location: Rio Tinto, San Juan River Basin, Popayan, Cauca, Colombia.
Scale: Picture size 1.5 cm.
 Hierro
Chemical Formula: Fe
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 55.85 gm
100.00 % Fe
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Fe0+
Environment: In meteorites and rarely basalts that
have intruded carbon-rich sediments.
Locality: Asteroid fragments and in German and
Greenland basalts.
Name Origin: Probably Anglo-Saxon in origin.
Synonym: Eisen Fer ICSD 64795 PDF 6-696
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: (001) Perfect, (010) Perfect, (100) Perfect
Color: Iron black, Dark gray, Steel gray.
Density: 7.3 - 7.9, Average = 7.6
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Hackly - Jagged, torn surfaces, (e.g. fractured
metals).
Habit: Disseminated - Occurs in small, distinct particles
dispersed in matrix.
Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral
crystals in matrix.
Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
Hardness: 4-5 - Fluorite-Apatite
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Naturally strong
Streak: gray
 )
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P
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Very rare! Native iron o
(ferrite nuggets)
Loc: Plato Putorana, Siberia, Russia
r
a
Peso1.5 kg
Comments: Specimen of volcanic rock containing dark gray
grains of native Iron. This locality is one of the very few
known localities for terrestrial native iron.
Location: Disko Island, Greenland.
Scale: Picture size 1 cm.
 Clasificacin con base en la
estructura cristalina

SEMIMETALES.

Estrutura tipo nABC*

Parecida a la ABC= CCP.
Distorsionada debido al carcter
fuertemente covalente.
Paso de ISOMTRICO A
ROMBOEDRAL.
Distrosin principal en direccin (111)

Ejemplos: As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te.

 Antimonio
Chemical Formula: Sb
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 121.75 gm
100.00 % Sb
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Sb
Environment: Hydrothermal veins.
Locality: Sala Silver Mine, Sala, Vstmanland,
Sweden.
Name Origin: From the Arabic, al-uthmud, to
Medieval Latin, antimonium; originally applied to
stibnite, the sulfide of antimony.
Synonym: ICSD 64695 PDF 35-732
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: (0001) Perfect
Color: Light gray, Tin white.
Density: 6.61 - 6.72, Average = 6.66
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Brittle - Generally displayed by glasses and
most non-metallic minerals.
Habit: Massive - Lamellar - Distinctly foliated fine-
grained forms.
Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals
forming large masses.
Habit: Reticulate - Fibers or columns cross in "Net-like"
crystalline growths (e.g. cerrusite).
Hardness: 3-3.5 - Calcite-Copper Penny
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
Streak: lead gray
Antimonio nativo
Antimonio nativo
Antimonio nativo
Antimonio nativo
 Selenio
Chemical Formula: Se
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 78.96 gm
100.00 % Se
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Se
Environment: Low temperature due to sublimation of
fumarolic vapors. Oxidation-reduction of selenium-bearing
solutions in sandstone U and U-V deposits.
Locality: Grants District, McKinley County, New Mexico,
USA.
Name Origin: From the Greek, Selene, "goddess of the
Moon" to contrast Tellure, "earth".
Synonym: ICSD 22251 PDF 42-1425 Selen tellurium-
Mixture with tellurium
 Propiedades Fsicas

Cleavage: (0112) Good

Color: Gray, Purple gray, Reddish.
Density: 4.81
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Flexible - Flexible fragments.
Habit: Crystalline - Coarse - Occurs as well-formed
coarse sized crystals.
Habit: Disseminated - Occurs in small, distinct
particles dispersed in matrix.
Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to
subhedral crystals in matrix.
Hardness: 2 - Gypsum
Luster: Sub Metallic
Streak: red
Selenio nativo
Selenio nativo
Selenio nativo
 Bismuto
Chemical Formula: Bi
Composition: Molecular Weight = 208.98 gm
100.00 % Bi
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: Bi
Environment: Hydrothermal ores of Co, Ni, Ag,
and Sn. In pegmatites and topaz-bearing Sn-W
veins.
IMA Status: Valid Species (Pre-IMA) 1500
Locality: Schneeberg District, Erzgebirge, Saxony,
Germany.
Name Origin: Probably from the Arabic bi ismid,
meaning having the properties of antimony.
Synonym: ICSD 64703 PDF 5-519
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: (0001) Perfect
Color: Silver white, Pinkish white, Red.
Density: 9.7 - 9.8, Average = 9.75
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Uneven - Flat surfaces (not cleavage) fractured in
an uneven pattern.
Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to subhedral
crystals in matrix.
Habit: Lamellar - Thin laminae producing a lamellar structure.
Habit: Platy - Sheet forms (e.g. micas).
Hardness: 2-2.5 - Gypsum-Finger Nail
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Metallic
Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
Streak: silver white
Estructura cristalina
Bismuto nativo
Bismuto nativo
 Clasificacin con base en la
estructura cristalina

NO METALES.
Estructuras muy variables
(Polimorfos del C)
Ejemplos: diamante*, grafito* y
azufre*.
 Diamante
Chemical Formula: C
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 12.01 gm
100.00 % C
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: C
Environment: Gas rich, ultra-basic diatremes from mantle
depths (>30 km)and alluvial placer deposits derived from the
Kimberlite rocks. Kimberlite = olivine, garnet, pyroxene, and
calcite.
Locality: Kimberly, republic of South Africa. India. Brazil. Ural
Mountains, Russia. Murfreesboro, Arkansas, USA.
Name Origin: From the Greek, adamas, meaning "invincible"
or "hardest."
Synonym: Boart, Booart, Carbonado
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: (111) Perfect, (111) Perfect, (111) Perfect
Color: Colorless, White, Gray, Black, Blue.
Density: 3.5 - 3.53, Average = 3.51
Diaphaniety: Transparent to Subtransparent to
translucent
Fracture: Conchoidal - Fractures developed in brittle
materials characterized by smoothly curving surfaces,
(e.g. quartz).
Habit: Euhedral Crystals - Occurs as well-formed
crystals showing good external form.
Habit: Granular - Generally occurs as anhedral to
subhedral crystals in matrix.
Hardness: 10 - Diamond
Luminescence: Fluorescent.
Luster: Adamantine
Streak: colorless
Comments: Single octahedral crystal of diamond.
Location: Ghana, Africa.
 Comments: Translucent diamond penetration twin crystals.
Location: Mbuji-Mayi (Miba), Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire).
Scale: 3.70 carats, 7x7x7 mm.
 Comments: Photomicrographs (PPL) of numerous microdiamonds in
Kumdy-Kol caboniferous dolomite marble (Elements v1, no 2).
Location: Kokchetav Massif, Kumdy-Kol ultra high pressure facies area,
northern Kazakhstan.
 Grafito

Chemical Formula: C
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 12.01 gm
100.00 % C
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: C
Environment: Metamorphosed limestones,
organic-rich shales, and coal beds.
Locality: Ticonderoga, New York. Madagascar and
Ceylon.
Name Origin: From the Greek, graphein, "to write."
Synonym: Black Lead, Plumbago
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: (0001) Perfect
Color: Iron black, Dark gray, Black, Steel gray.
Density: 2.09 - 2.23, Average = 2.16
Diaphaniety: Opaque
Fracture: Sectile - Curved shavings or scrapings
produced by a knife blade, (e.g. graphite).
Habit: Earthy - Dull, clay-like texture with no visible
crystalline affinities, (e.g. howlite).
Habit: Foliated - Two dimensional platy forms.
Habit: Tabular - Form dimensions are thin in one
direction.
Hardness: 1.5-2 - Talc-Gypsum
Luminescence: None.
Luster: Sub Metallic
Magnetism: Nonmagnetic
Streak: black
 Comments: A crystal of graphite in gneiss.
Location: Forchheim, Pockau, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany.
Scale: Picture size 6 mm.
 Comments: Black, sub-hexagonal crystal of graphite in calcite.
Location: Lead Hill Mine, (near Ticonderoga), Essex Co., New York, USA.
Scale: Crystal size 1 mm.
Grafito (enlaces y )
 Azufre
Chemical Formula: S8
Composition:
Molecular Weight = 256.53 gm
100.00 % S
______
100.00 %
Empirical Formula: S8
Environment: Volcanic exhalations and bacterial
reduction of sulfates in sediments.
Locality: Notable localities are in Sicily, Italy and
salt domes of the United States Gulf Coast.
Name Origin: Sanskrit, sulvere = "sulfur;" Latin
sulphurium.
Synonym: ICSD 63082 PDF 8-
247 Schwefel Soufre
 Propiedades Fsicas
Cleavage: (???) Imperfect, (???) Imperfect
Color: Yellow, Yellowish brown, Yellowish gray, Reddish,
Greenish.
Density: 2.05 - 2.09, Average = 2.06
Diaphaniety: Transparent to translucent
Fracture: Sectile - Curved shavings or scrapings produced by
a knife blade, (e.g. graphite).
Habit: Massive - Uniformly indistinguishable crystals forming
large masses.
Habit: Reniform - "Kidney like" in shape (e.g.. hematite).
Habit: Stalactitic - Shaped like pendant columns as stalactites
or stalagmites (e.g. calcite).
Hardness: 1.5-2.5 - Hardness very near Gypsum
Luminescence: Non-fluorescent.
Luster: Resinous
Streak: white
 Gracias mil y mil
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