Introduction to Electrical Machines

Transformer

Made up of inductors.
Not electrically connected.
An ac voltage applied to the primary induces an ac voltage in the secondary.

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 Types of Transformer
Step-up transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is
greater than the primary voltage.

Step-down transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is
less than the primary voltage.

Isolation transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is equal
to the primary voltage.
- to isolate the power supply electrically from
the power line, which serves as a
protection.
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 Transformer secondary voltage

The turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the voltage ratio of the component:

N 2 v2 (t ) N2
or v 2 (t ) v1 (t )
N1 v1 (t ) N1
N2 1
For example: v2 (t ) v1 (t ) (120Vac ) 30Vac
N1 4
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 Transformer secondary current

Assuming the transformer is 100% efficient, then

P2 P1
v 2 (t )i2 (t ) v1 (t )i1 (t )
v1 (t ) N1
i2 (t ) i1 (t ) or i2 (t ) i1 (t )
v 2 (t ) N2
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 Example
Consider the source, transformer, and load shown in the circuit below. Determine
the rms values of the currents and voltages (a) with the switch open and (b) with
the switch closed.

Solution

Voltage applied to the primary, V1 (rms ) 110V

N 1
V2 (rms) 2 V1 (rms) (110 ) 22V
N1 5
(a) With the switch open, the secondary current is zero. Hence, the primary
current is also zero. V (rms) 22
I 2 (rms) 2 2.2 A
(b) With the switch closed, R L 10
N 1
I 1 (rms) 2 I 2 (rms) (2.2) 0.44 A
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 Transformer Rating
The rating of a transformer is stated
as Volt Ampere (VA) that it can
transform without overheating.
The transformer rating can be
calculated as either V1I1 or V2I2
where I2 is the full load secondary
current.

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 Impedance Transformation

The phasor current and voltage in the secondary are related to the load
impedance by V2
ZL
I2
Then, N1 The impedance seen by the source,
N V1
2
ZL
2
V N
Z L 1 1 Z L
'
N 2 I
N 1 1 I1 N 2

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 Example
Consider the circuit shown below. Find the phasor currents and voltages. Also, find
the power delivered to the load.

Solution

Impedance at the secondary, Z L (10 j 20)

2 2
N1 10
Impedance reflected at the primary, Z L Z L (10 j 20) (1000 j 2000)
'

N2 1
Total impedance '
Z R Z 1000 1000 j 2000 (2000 j 2000)
S 1 L

Z S 282845

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 Example
Z S 282845
'
Z L (1000 j 2000)

VS 10000
Primary current and voltage: I1 0.3536 45 A
Z S 282845
'
V1 I1Z L 0.3536 45(1000 j 2000)
0.3536 45(223663.43) 790.618.43V
Secondary current and voltage: N1 10
I2 I 1 (0.3536 45) 3.536 45 A
N2 1
N 1
V2 2 V1 (790.618.43) 79.0618.43V
N1 10
2
2 3.536
Power delivered to the load: PL I 2 (rms) R L (10) 62.51W
2

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Electric Machines

Motor and Generator

 Electric Machines
Machines that convert mechanical
energy to and from electric energy.
- Motor convert electrical energy
into rotational mechanical energy
- Generator convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy

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 Electric Motor Basic construction

Basic components:
1. Stator stationary part
2. Rotor rotating part
3. Shaft coupled the machine to the mechanical
load.
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 Electric Motor
Rotor is rotating inside the
stator and separated by
means of an air gap.
The rotor and stator each
consists of a magnetic
core, some electrical
insulation and the windings
necessary to establish a
magnetic flux.
The windings carry the
electric currents that
generate the magnetic
fields and flow to the
electrical loads.

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 Electric Motor

Motor can be divided into

AC Motors
powered by AC sources which can
either be single phase or three phase.
- most common type is induction motor
and synchronous motor.
DC Motors
powered by DC sources.
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 Electric Motor
In most types of motor, a given windings can
be classified as field winding or as armature
winding.
Field winding - to set up the magnetic field
required to produce torque.
Armature windings - carry currents that vary
with mechanical load. When the machine is
used as a generator, the output is taken from
the armature windings.

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 Electric Motor - Basic classification

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 Losses, Power Ratings, and Efficiency

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 Losses, Power Ratings, and Efficiency
The electrical input power Pin, in watts, supplied by the three-phase source is
given by:
Pin 3Vrms I rms cos
where Vrms is the rms value of line-to-line voltage, Irms is the rms value of line
current and cos is the power factor.

The mechanical output power Pout, in watts, is: Pout Tout m

where Tout is the output torque in newton-meters, and m is the angular speed of
the load in radians per second.

The rotational speed may be given in revolutions per minute denoted by nm or

by radian per second denoted by m . These quantities are related by:

2
m nm
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 Losses, Power Ratings, and Efficiency
The mechanical output power for a given electric motor is stated in horsepower
(hp). To convert from watts to horsepower, we have

Pwatts
Phorsepower
746
The power rating of a motor is the output power that the motor can safely
produce on a continuous basis. Most motor can supply output power varying
from zero to several times their rated power, depending on the mechanical load.

The power efficiency of a motor is given by:

Pout
100%
Pin

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DC Machines
 DC Machines - Construction

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 DC Machines - Construction

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 DC Machines - Construction

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 DC Motor
Can be divided into 2 types:
(a) Wound type
shunt
series
compound
(b) Permanent magnet type

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 Characteristics of DC Electrical Motors

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 DC motor
Shunt wound motor
- field is connected in parallel with the armature
- has good speed regulation
Series wound motor
- field winding in series with the armature
- very high starting torque and poor speed regulation.
Compound wound motor
- field winding has both series and shunt components
- offers better starting torque than the shunt motor but
worse speed regulation

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 DC motor
Permanent magnet
- field windings are replaced by permanent
magnets
- adequate starting torque
- speed regulation somewhat worse than that of
the compound wound motor

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 Speed Control of DC Motors
Vary the voltage supplied to the
armature circuit while holding the
field constant.
Vary the field current while holding
the armature supply voltage
constant.
Insert resistance in series with the
armature circuit.

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AC Machines
 Characteristics of AC Electrical Motors

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 Induction motor
Widely used because of its relative
simplicity in construction
Does not require external electrical
connection to the rotor, thus slips
rings and brushes are not required
Operates at a lower speed than the
synchronous speed

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 Synchronous Speed
For a P-pole machine, the angular velocity of the
field is given by:

s
P/2
This is also known as synchronous angular velocity
The synchronous speed (in rpm) is given by:
120 f
ns
P

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Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor

cross-section conductors in photograph

rotor

Views of Smokin Buckeye motor: rotor, stator and cross-section of stator

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 Selection of Induction Motors

Some of the most important

considerations in selecting an induction
motor are:

1. Efficiency
2. Starting torque
3. Pull-out torque
4. Power factor
5. Starting current

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 Synchronous Motor
Generation of electrical energy by utility
companies is done almost exclusively with
synchronous machines.
Assuming a constant frequency source,
the speed of a synchronous motor does
not vary with load.
The stator windings of a synchronous
machine are basically the same as those
of an induction machine

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 Synchronous Motor
The synchronous motor can act as a
source of reactive power
Proper use of synchronous motors
can lower energy costs of an
industrial plant by increasing the
power factor

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 Basic Single-Phase Induction
Motor

The pulsating flux

produced by the
main winding can be
resolved into two
counter-rotating
components

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 Auxiliary Windings

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 Stepper Motor
Are used for accurate, repeatable
positioning applications such as read/write
heads of a computer floppy drive or for
moving the head in an ink-jet printer
By controlling the rate at which pulses are
applied to the windings of the stepper
motor, speed can be varied continuously
from a standing stop to a maximum that
depends on the motor and the load.
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 Stepper Motor
Various types:
1. Variable-reluctance stepper motor
2. Permanent-magnet stepper motor
3. Hybrid stepper motor

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