Electricity

Principles & Applications

Seventh Edition

Richard J. Fowler

Chapter 15
Instruments and Measurements
(student version)

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 INTRODUCTION
Digital Ohmmeter
Basic Meter Movement
Analog Meters
Current Transformer
Meter Loading
Bridges

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Dear Student:

This presentation is arranged in segments. Each segment

is preceded by a Concept Preview slide and is followed by a
Concept Review slide. When you reach a Concept Review
slide, you can return to the beginning of that segment by
clicking on the Repeat Segment button. This will allow you
to view that segment again, if you want to.

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Concept Preview
The voltmeter circuitry is used to
measure resistance with the DMM.
A meter movement has a Ifs rating, an
Ri rating, and a Vfs rating.
Shunts and multipliers extend the range
of ammeters and voltmeters respectively.
Ohmmeters have internal power sources.
Rectifiers convert ac to pulsating dc.

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Facts About
Instruments and Measurements
Many analog instruments use a dArsonval meter movement.
Analog wattmeters use electrodynamometer meter movements.
Rectifiers convert ac to pulsating dc.
A DVM measures the time to charge a capacitor, from a constant-
current source, to the value of the voltage being measured.
Meter movements have voltage, current, and resistance ratings.
Shunts and multipliers are used to extend the range of meter movements.
High-frequency currents can be measured with thermocouple meters.
Digital capacitance meters measure the time required to charge the capacitor.
Digital inductance meters measure the inductors cemf.
Wattmeters measure true power.
Impedance can be measured by the equivalent-resistance method.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Ohmmeter Function of a DMM

1 mA
constant Voltmeter
current circuitry
source

The ohmmeter function uses the voltmeter section of the DMM.

A constant current source develops a voltage across the resistor.

If the voltmeter measures 0 to 999.9 mV, and the current
source is 1mA, then the displayed output will be in ohms.
This resistance of this resistor is very close to its coded value.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Basic Meter Movement
50 A
1 kW
50 mV

The basic meter movement has a full-scale current (Ifs) rating

and an internal resistance ( Ri) rating.

Using these two ratings, the full-scale voltage rating (Vfs) is:

Vfs = Ifs x Ri = 50 A x 1 kW = 50 mV

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Analog Ammeters
50 A
1 kW
50 mV

This meter movement is a 50 A ammeter.

Its range can be extended by adding a shunt resistor.
The shunt resistance for a 1-mA range is calculated thus:
Rshunt = Vfs / (Irange - Ifs) = 50 mV / (1 mA - 50 A) = 52.63 W
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Analog Voltmeters
50 A
1 kW
50 mV

This meter movement is a 50 mV voltmeter.

Its range can be extended by adding a multiplier resistor.
The multiplier resistance for a 20-V range is calculated thus:
Rmult = (Vrange - Vfs) / Ifs = (20 V - 50 mV) / 50 A = 399 kW
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Analog Ohmmeters
50 A
1 kW
50 mV

R1 R2

This meter movement can be converted to an ohmmeter

by adding a fixed and a variable resistor and a cell.
RT = R1 + R2(mid value) + R i = 1.5 V / 50 A = 30 kW
Make R2(mid value) = 0.05RT = 1.5 kW.
Thus, R1 = 30 kW - 1.5 kW - 1 kW = 27.5 kW
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Rectifier-Type Ac Ammeter
Output pdc
50 A
- 1 kW +
50 mV

Input ac

A polarized (dc) meter can respond to ac when a rectifier is used.

The rectifier allows current to flow in only one direction.

The converted meter can be used in extended-range

ammeters and voltmeters.

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Analog-Meters Quiz
The Vfs rating a meter movement is ____ 80 mV
when Ifs = 100 mA and Ri = 800 W.

To extend the range of a 500-mA, 298-W

meter movement to 100 mA requires a____ shunt
resistor of ____ W. 1.5

To extend the range of a 200-mA, 500-W

meter movement to 100 V requires a____ multiplier
resistor of ____ W. 499.5 k

An analog ohmmeter requires a(n) ____ as cell

well as resistors and a meter movement.

A ____ allows a polarized meter movement rectifier

to measure ac.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Concept Review
The voltmeter circuitry is used to
measure resistance with the DMM.
A meter movement has a Ifs rating, an
Ri rating, and a Vfs rating.
Shunts and multipliers extend the range
of ammeters and voltmeters respectively.
Ohmmeters have internal power sources.
Rectifiers convert ac to pulsating dc.
Repeat Segment
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Concept Preview
A clamp-on meter uses a split-core
transformer connected to an ac meter.
A clamp-on meter can measure current
without interrupting the circuit.
Significant voltmeter loading occurs when
meter resistance is < 20 X load resistance.
A capacitor bridge is adjusted for null
by varying a resistance in the bridge.

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Current Transformer Principle

AMPERES

The current transformer, with a split core, is used in the clamp-on meter.

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Current Transformer Principle

AMPERES

The current transformer, with a split core, is used in the clamp-on meter.
To measure current in a conductor, open the core and insert the conductor.

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.

 Current Transformer Principle

AMPERES

The current transformer, with a split core, is used in the clamp-on meter.
To measure current in a conductor, open the core and insert the conductor.
The conductor is now a single-turn transformer primary.
The current induced in the secondary is measured by the digital meter.
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Voltmeter Loading
(Case 1)

R1
V 45 V
2 kW
B1
90 V
R2
2 kW V 45 V

Circuit analysis tells us that each resister should drop 45 V.

Using a 20-kW/V meter on the 50-V
range, the voltages are as expected.
The 1 MW of Rmeter in parallel with 2 kW does not
significantly change the resistance in the circuit.
Thus, there is no meter loading!
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Voltmeter Loading
(Case 2)

R1
V 20 V
1 MW
B1
60 V
R2
1 MW V 20 V

Circuit analysis tells us that each resister should drop 30 V.

Using a 20-kW/V meter on the 50-V range, the
voltages are much lower than expected.
The 1 MW of Rmeter in parallel with 1 MW gives an
equivalent resistance of 0.5 MW in series with 1 MW.
The meter-resister combination drops
only 20 V. There is meter loading!
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Capacitance Bridge

R1 R2
2.2 kW 1.6 kW

C1 Cu
0.002 F .00275 F

Bridge null occurs when R1 is adjusted to 2.2 kW.

Therefore, the measured capacitance is: Cu = (C1 / R2) R1 =
(0.002 / 1.6) x 2.2 = .00275 F
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Meter-Use Quiz
A ____ ammeter can measure current without clamp-on
physically interrupting the circuit.
A clamp-on ammeter uses a ____ current
____ connected to another ammeter. transformer
Voltmeter ____ occurs when the meters loading
Ri is not many times larger than the
resistance to which it is connected.
A DMM with 10 MW of Ri should indicate
____ V when connected to a 10-MW resistor 20
that is series connected with a 5-MW
resistor to a 40-V source.
A capacitor bridge uses ____ capacitor(s) two
and ____ resistor(s) in the bridge. two
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 Concept Review
A clamp-on meter uses a split-core
transformer connected to an ac meter.
A clamp-on meter can measure current
without interrupting the circuit.
Significant voltmeter loading occurs when
meter resistance is < 20 X load resistance.
A capacitor bridge is adjusted for null
by varying a resistance in the bridge.

Repeat Segment
McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 REVIEW
Digital Ohmmeter
Basic Meter Movement
Analog Meters
Current Transformer
Meter Loading
Bridges

McGraw-Hill 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.