Prof. A. R.

Santhakumar
Visiting Professor
IIT Madras
Design Principle
Steel reinforcement can be placed to enhance
load resistance

It also makes the wall ductile

Steel may be placed in grouted cavities in

hallow blocks are inserted in specially made
holes in bricks

It can also be provided in specially made bonds

Basis of Design
Masonry is designed for a specific action
It is also common to have reinforcement for
one action and unreinforced for another
action. Example for shear and compression

Design is carried out using the same

principle as RCC

Equilibrium and strain compatibility should

be considered
Type of reinforcements

Main reinforcements for compression,

bending and shear
Secondary reinforcement for shrinkage and
temperature
Reinforcement should either be grouted or
enclosed in lean concrete
AS 3600 and AS 3700
 Recommendation of codes

There are no recommendations in IS

Australian code gives detailed recommendations
AS 3700
Limit State method is followed with suitable
reduction factors for shear and to avoid brittle
buckling failure
Monadnock Building, Chicago,
1891, Burnham and Root,
architects
Concept of Shear Wall System
Hanalei Hotel, San Diego
Types of Masonry Construction
Concrete Masonry Compression-test prisms

Thickness

2Thickness
15 min

(a) Hollow concrete block prisms

High-Rise Concept in Block Masonry
Holiday Inn Motel, a Round Bearing-wall
Multi-storey Structure
One Storey Commercial Building
N

2 days at 16m =30m

5 days at 8m=40m
Plan

Diaphragm level

7.5m
4m

1.5m

1.5m

4m 8m 3m 2.25m 2.5m 2.25m 1m

3m 4m

30m
East wall elevation
Some Examples of Two-directional
Bearing/shear wall layouts
BEARING
WALLS

BEARING WALLS

TRANSVERSE SHEAR WALLS

BEARING WALLS
Examples of multi-directional
bearing/shear wall layouts

BEARING WALLS

BEARING WALLS

TRANSVERSE
SHEAR
WALLS
Deep wall beams

Continuous
support

t t
Conventional load
bearing wall Deep wall beam

h
h

Continuous
support
Columns or
rootings

t
Deep wall beam
h
Brick pier-and-panel garden walls
Serpentine walls
Lateral load design of masonry walls and their
behavior

There are three types failure modes that

define seismic behavior of structural
masonry walls when subjected to in-plane
seismic loads. The mechanism depends on
the geometry of the wall (height/ width
ratio) and quality of materials, and the type
of load transfer.
 Sliding shear failure

In the situation of low vertical

load and poor quality mortar,
seismic loads frequently cause
shearing of wall causing sliding
of the upper part of the wall at
one of the horizontal mortar
joints.
 Shear failure

It is a typical mode of failure of

masonry wall subjected to
seismic loads, and it takes place
where the principal tensile
stresses, developed in the wall
under a combination of vertical
and horizontal loads exceeds
the tensile strength of masonry.
 flexural mode of failure (flexural compression).

With the improved shear resistance and

high moment/shear ratio, crushing of
compresses zones at the ends of the wall
usually take place,
Floor and roof diaphragms

1. There are several different types of structural systems

employed to resist the lateral forces which carry the
loads from the various floor levels to the foundation.

2. The vertical structural elements used to transfer lateral

forces are 1. Shear walls 2.braced frames 3.moment
resisting space frames, 4.combination of above.

3. The horizontal structural elements which distribute these

forces to the vertical resisting elements are the floor and
roof diaphragms.
Buildings Resist Horizontal Earthquake Forces

1. Horizontal Parts:
Roof & Floor Structures Diaphragms

2. Vertical Parts
Span horizontal elements Shearwalls
House Element Resist Horizontal Forces

Two-story building
Arrows on left of figure are the seismic forces
based on the weight of the building.
Arrow at the roof: represents the seismic force
from both the roof weight and one-half of the
weight of the walls between the second floor and
roofline (F1).
Arrow at the second floor: represents the seismic
force of half the second floor weight and one-
half of the weight of the first and second story
walls (F2).

Arrow at the first floor: represents the force at

the first floor that is similarly calculated (F3).

Arrow at the foundation level: Sum of all these

forces that must be transmitted safely into the
ground. This is why the foundation and cripple
wall are so important (FSum=F1+F2+F3)
No Shear Wall at Garage
House Elements Resist Gravity
What part of a building resists the
horizontal earthquake forces?

Both horizontal and vertical parts of the

building resist horizontal earthquake forces.
Horizontal parts: roof and the floor
structures. These parts are called
diaphragms.

Vertical parts that span between the

horizontal elements. These walls are
called shear walls.
Seismic Force Distribution
The diaphragms are classified into three groups of
relative flexibilities:

rigid, flexible, and semi rigid.

Rigid diaphragm

It is assumed to tribute the horizontal forces to the vertical

resisting elements in direct proportion to the relative
rigidities of those elements.

This premise stems from the fact that under a symmetrical

loading, the rigid diaphragm, which in it self does not
deform appreciably will cause each vertical element to
deflect the same amount.

Rigid diaphragms are capable of transferring lateral and

torsional forces to the walls.
Flexible diaphragm:

It may be likened to a series spans extending between very

rigid supports, (i.e. vertical resisting elements).
It is assumed here that the relative stiffness of these non
yielding supports is very great compared to that of the
diaphragm, which therefore deflects as a beam.
This beam, having no appreciable continuity across the
supports, thus develops no negative moment over them
which would affect the distribution of lateral load
Semi rigid diaphragm

These exhibits significant deflection under load, and also

have sufficient stiffness to distribute a portion of their
load to the vertical elements in direct proportion to the
rigidities of those elements.
Vertical stability elements
Horizontal forces at any floor or roof level may be
transferred to the foundation through the strength and
rigidity of the side walls, called as shear walls.

The design strength of shear walls is often governed by

flexure.

However, in low walls, the governing design criterion may

be shear, Masonry shear walls can be described not only in
terms of types of masonry used , but also as load- bearing ,
non load bearing , reinforced or unreinforced, solid or
perforated rectangular or flanged and cantilevered or
coupled.
Deflection of walls due to bending and shear
deformations

c=m+v

3 h
Ph 1.2 Ph
c
3E m I AG m
P
Ph P

Moment Shear
 p h h
3

c 4 3
Em t L L

1 Em t
Rigidity of the pier =Rc = h h
= 3

c p 4 3
L L
Deflection of walls due to bending and shear
deformations
f
Ph/
P 2

Rigidity of the pier = Rf =

Em t
h 3 h
p 3
L L P
Ph/ P
2
Mom Sh
ent ear
Effect of aspect ratio on deflection due to shear

Percentage deflection due to shear

Aspect ratio
h/L
Cantilever wall Fixed end wall

0.25 92 98

1 43 75

2 16 43

4 5 16

8 1 4.5
1For squat walls (h/L < 0.25), rigidities based on
shear deformations are reasonably accurate.
2For (0.25<h/L<4) intermediate cantilever walls both
deflections components should be include d in the
calculation of relative rigidities.
For high (h/L) the effect of shear deformation is very
small and rigidity based on flexural stiffness is
reasonably accurate.
 SEISMIC RESISTANCE OF
RAT-TRAP BOND WALL AND
FILLER SLAB SYSTEM
FIGURE 2 TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
The Building System
Rat Trap Bond Masonry
Typical Corner Joint
Method of Construction
Advantages
Validation
Experimental setup

EXPERIMENTAL SET -UP

15 MB 300
1. STRAILS
15 MB 300 15 MB 300

2. DEFORMAIONS One layer brick on edge

150
1 2 1.2

230
# #
6

3. LOADS
# 6

660
5 5.97 10
# # 7 #

WALL
# 9
4. FAILURE PATTERN
10

UNDER #
8
8
230
150
#
TEST
4 #
3
4.3
230 150
920 225
230 230

ELEVATION END VIEW

Data for 1 cubic metre
Earthquake Resistance
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE

112.5
HORIZONTAL BAND

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL

VI

STEEL REINFORCEMENTS V

INTRODUCED TO GIVE IV

REQUIRED DUCTILITY

675
900
III

THROUGH THE VOIDS II

AND GROUTED I

112.5
HORIZONTAL BAND

EVEN ROW HEADER

225

ODD ROW HEADER

REINFORCEMENT AT 150 C TO C
Test Procedure
Load vs Moment
Load Application
Specimen Details
S.No Name Load (N) Moment Failure Between
. (N mm)

1 450M1 650 292500 Brick and Concrete surface

at the bottom level

2 450M2 18431 310500 Brick and Concrete surface

at the bottom level

3 340M3 1440 597600 II and III level Bricks

4 340M4 6143 601750 II and III level Bricks

5 450M5 4733 647400 I and II level Bricks

6 450M6 7973 9337500 I and II level Bricks

7 340M7 90000 0 Vertical cracks on all four

sides
Practical Case
Practical Case
Safe Cantilever Spans for Limiting Tension in
Brickwork
Axial Safe Moment Safe Span of the
Load (N) (Nmm) Cantilever (L1)(mm)

1000 200000 574.9891

2000 325000 759.8557

3000 450000 911.9664

4000 575000 1044.287

5000 685000 1149.326

6000 775000 1229.175

7000 885000 1320.751

8000 940000 1364.414