APPLICATION OF THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

TO CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
LEARNING GOALS
Laplace circuit solutions
Showing the usefulness of the Laplace transform

Circuit Element Models

Transforming circuits into the Laplace domain

Analysis Techniques
All standard analysis techniques, KVL, KCL, node,
loop analysis, Thevenins theorem are applicable

Transfer Function
The concept is revisited and given a formal meaning

Pole-Zero Plots/Bode Plots

Establishing the connection between them

Steady State Response

AC analysis revisited
 LAPLACE CIRCUIT SOLUTIONS
We compare a conventional approach to solve differential equations with a
technique using the Laplace transform
Comple Take Laplace transform of the equation
mentary
di
v S (t ) Ri (t ) L (t )
dt
L
di
VS ( s) RI ( s) LL
di i iC i p dt Initial conditions
KVL : v S (t ) Ri (t ) L (t ) P di are automatically
dt L sI ( s) i (0) sI ( s) included
a dt
Complement ary equation r 1 1
diC t RI ( s ) LsI ( s ) I ( s )
RiC (t ) L (t ) 0 iC (t ) K C e t i s s( R Ls)
dt
c I ( s) 1/ L K1 K2 Only algebra
t
RK C e LK C (e ) 0 t R
L
u s( R / L s) s s R / L is needed
l
Particular solution for this case 1
a K1 sI ( s ) |s 0 No need to
i p (t ) K p v S 1 RK p r R
search for
1
t Use boundary conditions K 2 ( s R / L) I ( s ) | s R / L particular
R
1
i (t ) K C e L
v (t) 0 for t 0 i( 0 ) 0
R or comple-
R S
mentary
1 t
R
1 t i (t ) 1 e ; t 0
R

L
solutions
i (t ) 1 e L ;t 0 R
R

 LEARNING BY DOING Find v (t ), t 0 In the Laplace domain the differential
equation is now an algebraic equation
v vS
1
R RCsV ( s) V ( s)
dv s
C 1 1 / RC
vS dt V ( s)
s( RCs 1) s( s 1 / RC )

Use partial fractions to determine inverse

Model using KCL dv v v S
C 0 V ( s)
1/ RC K
1
K2
dt R s( s 1/ RC ) s s 1/ RC
dv
RC v vS K1 sV ( s) |s 0 1
dt
K 2 ( s 1 / RC )V ( s ) |s 1 / RC 1
dv
RCL V ( s) VS ( s)
L
t

dt v (t ) 1 e RC , t 0
dv
L sV ( s) v (0) sV ( s)
dt
v S (t ) 0, t 0 v (0) 0 Initial condition
given in implicit
form
1
v S u(t ) VS ( s)
s
 CIRCUIT ELEMENT MODELS
The method used so far follows the steps:
1. Write the differential equation model
2. Use Laplace transform to convert the model to an algebraic form

For a more efficient approach:

1. Develop s-domain models for circuit elements
2. Draw the Laplace equivalent circuit keeping the interconnections and replacing
the elements by their s-domain models
3. Analyze the Laplace equivalent circuit. All usual circuit tools are applicable and all
equations are algebraic.

Resistor
Independent sources
v S ( t ) VS ( s )
i S (t ) I S ( s)
Dependent sources
v D (t ) AiC (t ) VD ( s ) AI C ( s )
i D (t ) BvC (t ) I D ( s ) BVC ( s ) v (t ) Ri (t ) V ( s) RI ( s)
...
 Capacitor: Model 1 Source transformation t I ( s)
L i ( x )dx
0 s
v (0)
I eq s Cv (0)
1
Cs

1t 1 v (0)
v (t ) i ( x )dx v (0) V ( s) I ( s) Cs
C0 Cs s
Impedance in series
with voltage source
Capacitor: Model 2

I ( s) CsV ( s) Cv (0)
1t
v (t ) i ( x )dx v (0)
C0 Impedance in parallel
with current source
Inductor Models

di
L sI ( s) i (0)
dt

di
v (t ) L (t ) V ( s) L( sI ( s) i (0))
dt
V ( s) i (0)
I ( s)
Ls s

V ( s) LsI ( s) Li (0) I ( s)
V ( s) i (0)

Ls s
Mutual Inductance

di1 di
v1 (t ) L1 (t ) M 2 (t )
dt dt
di di
v2 (t ) M 1 (t ) L2 2 (t )
dt dt

Combine into a single source in the primary

V1 ( s) L1sI1 ( s) L1i1 (0) MsI 2 ( s) Mi2 (0)
V2 ( s) MsI1 ( s) Mi1 (0) LsI 2 ( s) Li2 (0) Single source in the secondary
LEARNING BY DOING Determine the model in the s-domain and the expression for
the voltage across the inductor
Steady state for t<0
i (0) 1A Inductor with
initial current

KVL : 1 (1 s ) I ( s )
Ohm' s Law
1
V ( s) 1 I ( s) V ( s)
s 1
Equivalent circuit in
s-domain
 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
All the analysis techniques are applicable in the s-domain

LEARNING EXAMPLE Draw the s-domain equivalent and find the voltage in both
s-domain and time domain
3
I S ( s) One needs to determine the initial voltage
s 1
across the capacitor

iS (t ) 0, t 0 vo (0) 0
RC (10 103 )(25 106 ) 0.25

120 K K
Vo ( s) 1 2
( s 4)( s 1) s 4 s 1
1 K1 ( s 4)Vo ( s ) |s 4 40
Vo ( s) R || I S ( s)
Cs K 2 ( s 1)Vo ( s ) |s 1 40
R
Vo ( s ) Cs I ( s)
1/ C

3 103
vo (t ) 40 e t e 4t u(t )
R
1 S s 1 / RC s 1
Cs
LEARNING EXAMPLE Write the loop equations in the s-domain

Do not increase
number of loops

Loop 1
v1 (0) v2 (0)
VA ( s) L1i1 (0)
s s
1 1
R1I1 ( s) I1 ( s) ( I1 ( s) I 2 ( s)) L1s( I1 ( s) I 2 ( s))
C1s C2 s

Loop 2
v2 (0)
L1i1 (0) L2 i2 (0) VB ( s)
s
1
L1s( I 2 ( s) I1 ( s)) ( I 2 ( s) I1 ( s)) ( L2 s R2 ) I 2 ( s)
C2 s
LEARNING EXAMPLE Write the node equations in the s-domain

Node V1 Do not increase number

i1 (0) i (0) of nodes
I A ( s) C1v1 (0) 2
s s
1 1 1
G1 C1s V1 ( s) C1s V2 ( s)
L1s L2 s L2 s
Node V2
i2 (0)
I B ( s) C 2v2 (0) C1v1 (0)
s
1 1
G2 C2 s C1s V2 ( s) C1s V1 ( s)
L2 s L2 s
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find vo (t ) using node analysis, loop analysis, superposition,
source transformation, Thevenin' s and Norton' s theorem.
Assume all initial conditions are zero
V1 ( s )
KCL @ V1 1
2
12 s
V1 ( s )
4
s V1 ( s ) Vo ( s ) 0 s
s s 1
s
KCL@Vo Could have
Vo ( s ) Vo ( s ) V1 ( s ) used voltage
0 2 divider here
Node Analysis 2 1
s
4 s 12
(1 s 2 )V1 ( s) s 2Vo ( s) 2s
s
2 sV1 ( s) (1 2 s)Vo ( s) 0 (1 s 2 )

8( s 3)
Vo ( s )
(1 s ) 2
Loop Analysis Loop 1
4
I1 ( s)
s
Loop 2
1 12
s( I 2 ( s) I1 ( s)) I 2 ( s) 2 I 2 ( s)
s s
4( s 3)
I 2 ( s)
( s 1) 2

8( s 3)
Vo ( s) 2 I 2 ( s)
( s 1) 2
Source Superposition Applying current source

I 2'

Current divider
s 4
Vo' ( s ) 2
1
2 2 s
s
Applying voltage source

Voltage divider

8( s 3) 2 12
Vo ( s) V o ( s) V o ( s)
' " Vo" ( s)
1
( s 1) 2 2 s s
s
Source Transformation Combine the sources and use current
divider

s 4 12
Vo ( s ) 2 2
s 2 s s
1
s

8( s 3)
Vo ( s )
( s 1) 2

The resistance is redundant

Using Thevenins Theorem
Reduce this part

1 s2 1
ZTh s
s s

Voltage
divider

2 4 s 12
Vo ( s )
12 4 4 s 12 s2 1 s
VOC ( s) s 2
s s s s
8( s 3)
Vo ( s )
Only independent sources ( s 1) 2
Using Nortons Theorem
Reduce this part

ZTh s

Current
division

s 4 s 12
Vo ( s ) 2 2
1 s
s 2
s
4 12 / s 4 s 12 8( s 3)
I SC ( s) Vo ( s )
s s s2 ( s 1) 2
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the voltage vo (t ). Assume all initial conditions to be zero
Selecting the analysis technique:

. Three loops, three non-reference nodes

. One voltage source between non-reference
nodes - supernode
. One current source. One loop current known
or supermesh
. If v_2 is known, v_o can be obtained with a
Transforming the circuit to s-domain voltage divider

Doing the algebra : V1 ( s) V2 ( s) 12 / s

I ( s) V2 ( s) / 2 6 / s
(1 / 2)( s 1)V2 ( s) 12 / s 2(V2 ( s) / 2 6 / s)
V2 ( s) /( s 1) 0
12 12( s 1)( s 3)
Supernode constraint : V2 ( s) V1 ( s) V2 ( s )
s s ( s 2 4 s 5)
V ( s) V ( s) V ( s)
KCL@ supernode : 1 1 2 I ( s) 2 0 12( s 3)
2 2/ s s 1 Vo ( s)
V ( s) s( s 2 4 s 5)
Controllin g variable : I ( s ) 1
2
1
Voltage divider : V0 ( s) V2 ( s)
s 1
 Continued ... Compute Vo (s) using Thevenin' s theorem
-keep dependent source and controlling
variable in the same sub-circuit
-Make sub-circuit to be reduced as simple
as possible
-Try to leave a simple voltage divider after
reduction to Thevenin equivalent

VOC 12 / s 12 / s

I SC 2 I " I "2 I " /(2 / s) 0 I " 6 / s

6( s 3) Z VOC ( s) 2
I SC TH
I SC ( s) s 3
s
VOC 12 / s VOC 12 / s
2I ' 0 1 12
2 2/ s Vo ( s )
VOC 12 / s 12 2 s
I ' V ( s ) 1 s
2
OC
s s3

I '(2 I ' ) /(2 / s) 2 I ' 0 I ' 0

 Continued Computing the inverse Laplace transform

Analysis in the s-domain has established that the Laplace transform of the
output voltage is
12( s 3) s 2
4 s 5 ( s 2 j1)( s 2 j1) ( s 2) 2
1
Vo ( s)
s( s 4 s 5)
2

12( s 3) Ko K1 K1*
Vo ( s)
s( s 2 j1)( s 2 j1) s ( s 2 j1) ( s 2 j1)

K o sVo ( s) |s 0 36 K1 K1*
5 2 | K1 | e t cos( t K1 )u(t )
( s j ) ( s j )
12(1 j1) 12 245 One can also use
K ( s 2 j1)V ( s) |
1 o s 2 j1 (2 j1)( j 2) 5153.43(290) quadratic factors...
3.79 198.43 3.79161.57
12( s 3) C o C1 ( s 2) C2 36 2 t
u(t )
Vo ( s )

v o ( t ) 7.59e cos( t 161.57
s s 2 1
2
s ( s 2) 1 ( s 2) 1
2 2 5
Co sVo ( s) |s0 36 / 5 C1 ( s ) C2
e t [C1 cos t C 2 sin t ]u(t )
(s )
2 2
(s )
2 2

12( s 3) Co (( s 2)2 1) s[C1 ( s 2) C2 ] s 2 12 Co 2C2 C2 36 /10 6 12 / 5

Equating coefficients of s 2 : 0 Co C1 C1 36 / 5
36 12
vo (t ) (1 e 2t cos t ) e 2t sin t u(t )
5 5
LEARNING EXTENSION Find io (t ) using node equations

VS Assume zero initial conditions

supernode Implicit circuit transformation to s-domain
Vo VS
Vo K1 K1*
2 | K1 | e t cos( t K1 )u(t )
( s j ) ( s j )
1 15
1 6 j
1 15 4 4
K1 s j I o ( s ) | 1 15

4 4 s j
4 4 2j
15
KCL at supernode 4
2 Vo ( s) Vo ( s) 6.33 66.72
Cs(Vo ( s) VS ( s)) 0 K 6.53 156.72
0.9790
1
s Ls 2
12 V ( s)
VS ( s) , I o ( s) o t
s 2
4 cos 15 t 156.72
Doing the algebra io ( t ) 13.06 e 4

1 6s 1 6s
I o ( s) 2
s 0.5s 1 2
1 15
s
4 16
1 6s K1 K 1*
I o ( s)
1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15
s j s j s j s j
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
LEARNING EXTENSION Find vo (t ) using loop equations

K0 K1 K2
I 2 ( s)
s s 0.27 s 3.73

K0 sI 2 ( s) |s0 2
supermesh
constraint due to source 16(0.27) 2
K1 ( s 0.27) I 2 ( s) |s 0.27 2.48
2 (0.27)(0.27 3.73)
I 2 I1
s 16(3.73) 2
KVL on supermesh K 2 ( s 3.73) I 2 ( s) |s 3.73 4.47
(3.73)(3.73 0.27)
1 12
I1 2 I1 sI 2 2 I 2 0
s s
i2 (t ) 2 2.48e 0.27 t 4.47e 3.73t u(t )
Solve for I2 v o ( t ) 2 i2 ( t )
16 s 2 16 s 2
I 2 ( s)
s( s 2 4 s 1) s( s 0.27)( s 3.73)

Determine inverse transform

TRANSIENT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM

For the study of transients, especially transients due to switching, it is important

to determine initial conditions. For this determination, one relies on the properties:
1. Voltage across capacitors cannot change discontinuously
2. Current through inductors cannot change discontinuously

LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine vo (t ), t 0

vC ( 0 )
i L( 0 )

Assume steady state for t<0 and determine

voltage across capacitors and currents
through inductors
For DC case capacitors are open circuit
inductors are shortcircuit
vC (0) 1V , i L (0) 1A

Circuit for t>0

 2s 7
Vo ( s)
2 s 2 3s 2
Now determine the inverse transform

b2 4ac 0 complex conjugate roots

Laplace Circuit for t>0 K1 K 1*
Vo ( s )
3 7 3 7
s j s j
4 4 4 4
3 7 2.14 76.5
K1 s j Vo ( s)
4 4 3
s j
7
4 4

K1 K1*
2 | K1 | e t cos( t K1 )u(t )
Use mesh analysis ( s j ) ( s j )
4
( s 1) I1 sI 2 1 s Solve for I2
s 7
vo (t ) 4.28 cos( t 76.5)
2 1 4
sI1 ( s 1 ) I 2 1 ( s 1)
s s
2s 1 2 1
I 2 ( s) Vo ( s ) I 2 ( s )
2 s 2 3s 2 s s
LEARNING EXTENSION Determine i1 (t ), t 0

Initial current through inductor s

I1 ( s) i1 (t ) e 9t u(t )
iL (0) iL (0) 1A s9

12
I1 ( s) 1
6 2s
s

2s 1 Current
I1 ( s)
2 s 18 s divider
LEARNING EXTENSION Determine vo (t ), t 0 2s

8
V
3

Vo (s)

2 12 8
Vo ( s) (voltage divider)
Determine initial current through inductor 4 2s s 3
iL (0)
Use source (8s 36) K1 K 2
superposition Vo ( s)
3s( s 2) s s2
i12V 2 A
K1 sVo ( s) |s0 6
2
i4V A 10
3 K 2 ( s 2)Vo ( s) |s 2
3
4 8
i L (0) A vo (t ) 6 e 2 t u(t )
3 3
 TRANSFER FUNCTION
bn s n ... b1s b0
X (s) System with all Y (s) H ( s)
initial conditions am s m ... a1s a0
set to zero
For the impulse function
Y ( s) x (t ) (t ) X ( s) 1
H ( s)
X ( s)
H(s) can also be interpreted as the Laplace
If the model for the system is a differential transform of the output when the input is
equation an impulse and all initial conditions are zero
dny d n1 y dy The inverse transform of H(s) is also
bn n bn1 n1 ... b1 bo y called the impulse response of the system
dt dt dt
dmx d m 1 x dx
am m am 1 m 1 ... a1 ao x If the impulse response is known then one
dt dt dt can determine the response of the system
If all initial conditions are zero to ANY other input
d k y k
L k s Y (s )
dt
bn s nY ( s) ... b1sY ( s) b0Y ( s)
am s m X ( s) ... a1sX ( s) a0 X ( s)
bn s n ... b1s b0
Y ( s) X ( s)
am s ... a1s a0
m
LEARNING EXAMPLE A network has impulse response h(t ) e t u(t)
Determine the response, vo (t ), for the input vi (t ) 10e 2t u(t )
In the Laplace domain, Y(s)=H(s)X(s)

Vo ( s) H ( s)Vi ( s)
1
h(t ) e t u(t ) H ( s)
s 1
10
vi (t ) 10e 2t u(t ) Vi ( s)
s2

10 K K
Vo ( s) 1 2
( s 1)( s 2) s 1 s 2
K1 ( s 1)Vo ( s) |s1 10
K 2 ( s 2)Vo ( s) |s2 10

vo (t ) 10 e t e 2 t u(t )
Impulse response of first and second order systems

K
t
Case 2 : 1 : Underdamped network
First order system H ( s ) h(t ) Ke
s 1 poles : s1, 2 0 j 0 1 2
h(t ) Ke ot cos(o 1 2 t )
Normalized second order system
02
H ( s) 2
s 20 s 02
poles : s1, 2 0 0 2 1

Case 1 : 1 : Overdamped network

Case 3 : 1 : Critically damped network
h(t ) K1e (0 0 2 1) t
K 2e (0 0 2 1) t

h(t ) K1te o t K 2e o t
LEARNING EXAMPLE Vo ( s)
Determine the transfer function H ( s)
Vi ( s)
a) C 8F poles : s1, 2 0.25 j 0.25

Transform the circuit to the Laplace

domain. All initial conditions set to zero

b) C 16F poles : s1, 2 0.25

c) C 32F poles : s1, 2 0.427, 0.073

Vi (s)

Mesh analysis

Vi ( s) 2 I1 I 2 1
Vo ( s) I 2 ( s)
1 sC
0 I1 1 s I2
sC
(1 / 2C )
Vo ( s) 2
s (1 / 2) s 1 / C
LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the transfer function, the type of damping and the
unit step response
V1 ( s ) VS ( s ) V1 ( s ) V1 ( s ) V1 ( s ) V0 ( s )
0
1 1 1 1
s
1
Vo ( s ) 32

VS ( s ) s 2 1 s 1
o2 0 0.25
2 16
Transform the circuit to the Laplace 2o 1
domain. All initial conditions set to zero 1
Unit step response VS ( s)
s
(1 / 32) Ko K11 K12
Vo ( s)
1
2
s s 0.25 ( s 0.25) 2
s s
4
K o sVo ( s) |s0 0.5
K12 ( s 0.25)2Vo ( s) |s 0.25 0.125
V 0
K11

d s 2Vo ( s) 0.5
ds s 0.25
V1 ( s ) Vo ( s )
V1( s) sVo ( s) 1

1
s
0

vo (t ) 0.5 0.125t 0.5e 0.25t u(t )
 LEARNING EXTENSION Determine the pole-zero plot, the type of damping and the
unit step response
s 10
H ( s) 1 s 10
s 2 4s 8 Y ( s) H ( s)
s s ( s 2 4 s 8)
zero : z -10
poles : s 2 4s 8 ( s 2 j 2)( s 2 j 2)
s 2 4 s 8 0 s1, 2 2 j 2 K1 K2 K 2*
Y ( s)
s s 2 j2 s 2 j2
j
x j2 K1 K1*
2 | K1 | e t cos( t K1 )u(t )
( s j ) ( s j )
O 2 10
K1 sY ( s) |s 0
10 8
x 8 j2
K 2 ( s 2 j 2)Vo ( s) |s 2 j 2
(2 j 2)( j 4)
8.2514
s 4s 8
2
2 K2 0.73 211
2.83135 490
o2 2
2o 10
vo (t ) 1.46 cos(2t 211)
8
Second order networks: variation of poles with damping ratio

Normalized second order system LEARNING EXAMPLE

02 1 R
H ( s) 2 o2 , 2o
s 20 s 02 LC L
poles : s1, 2 0 0 2 1
1 1
Case 2 : 1 : Underdamped network V ( s)
Gv ( s ) o Cs LC
poles : s1, 2 0 j 0 1 2 Vin ( s ) 1 Ls R R 1
s2 s
Cs L LC

Variation of poles.
Use o 2000
cos
LEARNING EXAMPLE The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Revisited
Previously the event
was modeled as a
resonance problem.
More detailed studies
show that a model
with a wind-dependent
damping ratio provides
a better explanation

d 2 d
2 o o 0
2
dt 2 dt
0.0046 0.00013U
U wind speed (mph)

Torsional Resonance
Model
Conditions at failure
wind speed 42mph
twist 12
time to collapse 45min
Problem: Develop a circuit that models this event
 integrator adder
model d 2 d
2
2 o 2
o 0
dt dt
.. . .. .
2o o2 0 (2o o2 )
vi
(0.001156 00013U ) 1.579 v1
Using numerical values Vi ( s ) V ( s )
0
R
1
Cs
Simulation v2
building
V1 V2 V
V ( s )
1
Vi ( s ) blocks 0
R C s R1 R2 R f
R R
V f V1 f V2
R1 R2

d 2
2
dt d

dt

Simulation using
dependent sources
Simulation results

Wind speed=20mph Wind speed=42mph

initial torsion=1 degree initial torsion=1 degree

Wind speed=35mph
initial torsion =1degree
 POLE-ZERO PLOT/BODE PLOT CONNECTION
Bode plots display magnitude and phase information of G ( s) |s j
They show a cross section of G(s)
s2
G ( s) 2
s 2s 5 If the poles get closer to
imaginary axis the peaks
and valleys are more
1
pronounced
V ( s) LC
G ( s) o
Vin ( s ) R 1
s2 s
L LC

Cross section
shown by Bode
 Cross section

Due to symmetry
show only positive
frequencies

Front view
Amplitude Bode plot

Uses log scales

 STEADY STATE RESPONSE
Y ( s) H ( s) X ( s) Response when all initial conditions are zero

Laplace uses positive time functions. Even for sinusoids the response contains
transitory terms
EXAMPLE H ( s) 1 , X ( s) s
( x (t ) [cos t ]u(t ))
s 1 s2 2
s K1 K2 K 2*
Y ( s) If interested in the steady state response
( s 1)( s j )( s j ) s 1 s j s j only, then dont determine residues
associated with transient terms

y (t ) Ke t 2 | K 2 | cos( t K 2 ) u(t )
transient If x (t ) X M cos( o t )u(t )
Steady state response
yss (t ) | X M | H ( j o ) | cos( o t H ( j o ) )
For the general case

X M cos t u(t )
X M jt
2
1 XM
e e jt X ( s)
XM

2 s jo s jo
1 X M X M Kx K *x
Y ( s) H ( s) transient terms

2 s j o s j o s j o s j o
1 y(t ) 2 | K x | cos(o t K 2 ) transient terms
K x ( s j o )Y ( s ) |s j o X M H ( j o )
2
yss (t ) X M | H ( jo ) | cos(o t H ( jo ))
 LEARNING EXAMPLE Determine the steady state response
If x (t ) X M cos( o t )u(t )
yss (t ) | X M | H ( j o ) | cos( o t H ( j o ) )

o 2, X M 10
s2 s2
Vo ( s) 2 Vi ( s) H ( s) 2
3s 4 s 4 3s 4 s 4
Transform the circuit to the Laplace domain.
Assume all initial conditions are zero ( j 2) 2
H ( j 2) 0.35445
3( j 2) 2 4( j 2) 4

ys (t ) 3.54 cos(2t 45)V

V1 Vi V1 V1
KCL@V1 : 0
2 2 2
1
s
1
Voltage divider : Vo V1
2
1
s
 LEARNING EXTENSION Determine voss (t ), t 0
If x (t ) X M cos( o t )u(t )
yss (t ) | X M | H ( j o ) | cos( o t H ( j o ) )
2
Vo ( s) VOC ( s)
2 ZTh ( s)
o 2, X M 12
2 1
Vo ( s ) Vi ( s )
Transform circuit to Laplace domain. s2 s 1 s 1
2
Assume all initial conditions are zero s 1
Thevenin s 2
Vo ( s) Vi ( s)
1 s 3s 3
2

H (s )
s
Vi (s) 2 2 2
H ( j 2)
4 6 j 3 1 6 j 6.0899.46
1 2
1 voss (t ) 12 cos(2t 99.46)
VOC ( s ) s Vi ( s ) Vi ( s ) 6.08
1
1 s 1
s
1 1 s2 s 1
ZTh ( s) s || 1, || s
s s 1 s 1
LEARNING BY APPLICATION De-emphasize bass

Pole-zero map for GvR (s)

Enhances bass to original level The playback filter is the reciprocal

RIAA recording filter 1
Gvp ( s)
K (1 s z1 )(1 s z 2 ) Grp ( s)
GvR ( s )
(1 s p ) Pole/zero of playback filter cancels
z1 75s pole/zero of recording filter
| KG ( s) |s j 2 1000 1
z 2 3180s
p 318s

zeros : z1 13.33kr / s [2.12kHz ],

z1 313.46r / s[50 Hz ]
pole : p 3,1346r / s[500 Hz ]
LEARNING BY DESIGN Filtering noise in a data transmission line

Data bits at 1000bps Noise source is 100kHz

SOLUTION: Insert a second order low-pass
filter in the path. Should not affect data
signal and should attenuate noise

R 1
3
Proposed filter
Vo ( s )
1 2 3 1 2
R R R C C
Vdata ( s ) 1 1 1 1
s 2 s
V1 R1C1 R2C1 R3C1 R2 R3C1C 2

V 0 s 2 2o s o2
1 3 C2
R1 R2 R3 o ,
R C1C 2 2 C1
V1 Vdata V1 V V V Design equations
1 1 o 0
R1 (1 / C1s) R2 R3 Well below 100k
V1 Vo above 1k
0
R2 (1 / C 2 s) Filter design Below 100k
criteria 1
Selected pole location or filter

2 105
Select R 40k, 0 25,000, 2.
Use design equations and determine
C1 0.75nF , C 2 1.33nF

The filter eliminates noise

but smooths data pulse

25kbps
noise data transfer
rate

Filtered signal
is useless

REDESIGN!
Circuit simulating the filter
New pole-zero selection 1 Design equations
1
0 150,000
40,000 C1C 2
3 C2
1
2 C1

Simulation for 25kbps

LEARNING EXAMPLE THIS FILTER EXHIBITS TOO MUCH OSCILLATION TO PULSE INPUTS
Must be made critically damped
1 Analysis of existing circuit
R ||
Cs

0.25 R (for no change in ) O Design equation

Decrease resistance by a factor of four

Proposed Solution
DESIGN EXAMPLE A 10kHz Wein Bridge Oscillator
1

3

Ideal OpAmp
Output should be a sinusoid of a frequency such that

Select C=100nF then

R=1.59k APPLICATION
LAPLACE

R 2R
2 1