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Storage change is equal to the area between the inflow and outflow hydrographs.
Example 4.1 in part
Time (days) I (cfs) Q(cfs) DS/Dt (cfs)
0.5 500 250 250
1.5 3500 1000 2500
2.5 9000 3000 6000
3.5 9750 4500 5250
4.5 8000 5750 2250
5.5 4500 6000 -1500
6.5 2250 5250 -3000
7.5 1250 4250 -3000
8.5 250 3250 -3000
9.5 0 2500 -2500
10.5 0 1500 -1500
11.5 0 1000 -1000
12.5 0 750 -750
13.5 0 0 0
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River Routing
For natural rivers the attenuation process is
more complex than for reservoirs with dams.
Take, for example, the 1993 Upper Mississippi
floods. We know that great portions of the
Upper Mississippi valley were flooded, yet by
the time the flood arrived at New Orleans, it
wasnt as bad as in Iowa. Why is that?
River Routing
Its because of storage within the river system
itself. When flow is rising, theres a parcel of
storage within the *reach between inflow and
outflow, slowed because of friction and large
cross sectional area when the floodplain gets
some of the water.
Suppose, for example, we have gauges both
upstream (station 1) , and downstream(station 2).
Both have floodplains that store water. We could
write a water balance equation with averages:
must be calculated
Note that K and t must have the same
units, and that
2Kx < t K
is needed for numerical accuracy.
Also C0+C1+C2 = 1, because they are
proportions.
The routing procedure is accomplished
successively, with Q2 from Q1 of the
previous calculation.
In General
The Muskingum K is usually estimated from the travel time for a flood wave
through the reach. This requires two flow gages with frequent data collection, one
at the top and one at the bottom of single channel reaches, and a big flood.
If they are not available, remember X averages 0.2 to 0.3 for a natural stream.