CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine.
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
CCGT Power Plant
Abbas A M Al Fardan
Natural Gas Fueled Combution Turbine Combined Cycle Electricity Generator.flv

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine What is the CCGT?
A combined cycle gas turbine power
plant, frequently identified by CCGT
shortcut, is essentially an electrical
power plant in which a gas turbine
and a steam turbine are used in
combination to achieve greater
efficiency than would be possible
independently. The gas
turbine drives an electrical
generator. The gas turbine exhaust
is then used to produce steam in a
heat exchanger (steam generator)
to supply a steam turbine whose
output provides the means to
generate more electricity. However
the Steam Turbine is not necessarily,
in that case the plant produce
electricity and industrial steam
which can be used for heating or
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Basic Gas Turbine Information
Main Gas Turbine Manufactures:

General Electrics, Simens
Westinghouse & Alstom
Approximately Cost per MW
0.7mln E
Efficiency approx 40% for gas
turbine however in the CCGT plant
the efficiency is 50-60% (even higher
for cogenerated plant)
Low Green Gas Emission C02, NOx
& SOx
Chepear comparing to other
technology e.g. CCS
Lifetime 30-40 years
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine How it works?
220kV Tabert
Substation
110kV Clahane
Substation
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CCGT Fuel Available in KSA
Natural Gas. Resources available in KSA
Synthetic Gas from coal.

Resources not available in KSA
Fuel Oil. Resources available in KSA
Biogas from forestry, domestic and

agricultural waste.
Resources not available in KSA
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CCGT Plants Conventional or Cogeneration
Variable CCGT High Efficiency
Cogeneration
Transmission Network Lower Impact Higher Impact
Power Losses Less power losses Higher Power Losses
Heat Market Required Not Required

Fuel consumption -33% +33%
CO2 Emission -67% +67%
Water Consumption -30% +30%
Capital Cost per kW delivered 630 1200

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine grid Grid Code
Grid Code contains general conditions and rules for general
application.
The specification and conditions for each application are adjust
individually.
Those information are included in Grid Connection Offer &

Agreement
between developer and Transmission Operator TSO.
Client (Requires connection) and TSO must implement Grid Code

specification during each stages of the project, for project above
10MW
TSO may be disconnected or terminated the Grid Connection

Agreement
if the Grid Code is not implemented by client.
The Implementation of the Grid Code may have significant impact

on the cost of the Grid Connection
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Grid Constraints
Capacity of the transmission lines
Small Infrastructures of the High Voltage Lines
Distance from Energy Load Centres (West Coast)
High Cost of Design and planning permission for Shallow

Connection, significantly for OHL 220kV
Planning Restrictions regarding OHL Construction

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Grid Connection Costs
Variable Cost
Gas & Steam Turbine Generator 210000000
2 bay 110kV/220kV Substation 4420000
220kV OHL 710000/km (12km)
110kV OHL 320000/km (15km)
Buried Cable 500MVA (optional) 2150000/km
Total Cost 227740000

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Basics
Gas Turbines
Types
How They Work
Applications
Components of Plant
Flow Paths
Operation
10
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Applications
Simple Cycle
Combined Cycle
Cogeneration
11
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Types of Gas Turbine Plants
Simple Cycle
Operate When Demand is High Peak
Demand
Operate for Short / Variable Times
Designed for Quick Start-Up
Not designed to be Efficient but Reliable
Not Cost Effective to Build for Efficiency
Combined Cycle
Operate for Peak and Economic Dispatch
Designed for Quick Start-Up
Designed to Efficient, Cost-Effective Operation
Typically Has Ability to Operate in SC Mode
12
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Principles of Operation
Open Cycle
Also referred to as simple cycle)
The energy contained in a flowing ideal gas

is the sum of enthalpy and kinetic energy.
Pressurized gas can store or release
energy. As it expands the pressure is
converted to kinetic energy.
Link to picture
13
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Brayton Cycle Gas Turbine Cycle
14
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Thermodynamic Fundamentals
Pressure Ratio &
CT Components
15
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combustion or Gas Turbine
16
Compressor
As air flows into the compressor, energy is transferred from its
rotating blades to the air. Pressure and temperature of the air
increase.
Most compressors operate in the range of 75% to 85%
efficiency.
Combustor
The purpose of the combustor is to increase the energy stored
in the compressor exhaust by raising its temperature.
Turbine
The turbine acts like the compressor in reverse with respect to
energy transformation.
Most turbines operate in the range of 80% to 90% efficiency.
17
Overall Energy Transformations (Thermal Efficiency)
Useful Work = Energy released in turbine minus energy
absorbed by compressor.
The compressor requires typically approximately 50% of

the energy released by the turbine.
Overall Thermal Efficiency =

Useful Work/Fuel Chemical Energy *100
Typical overall thermal efficiencies of a combustion

turbine are 20% - 40%.
18
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Applications
Simple COMBUSTOR
Cycle
COMPRESSOR TURBINE GENERATOR
INLET AIR EXHAUST GAS
19
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Simple Cycle Power Plant
Westinghouse 501D5 340 MW
20
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plant
21
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Plant Design
GT PRO 13.0 Drew Wozniak Net Power 95959 kW
LHV Heat Rate 7705 BTU/kWh
12.54 p
90 T 1X GE 6581B 967.3 m 2 X GT 73.85 %N2
30 %RH 13.53 %O2
12.93 p
944 m 3.233 %CO2+SO2
149.2 p 143.2 p 1034 T 8.497 %H2O
4327 ft elev. Fogger 33781 kW 1934.6 M
4.717 m 684 T 2072 T 0.8894 %Ar
12.39 p
68 T
948.7 m
30813 kW
Natural gas 18.58 m

LHV 369671 kBTU/h 850 p
122 T 77 T 96 T 950 T
292.6 M 248.6 M
122 T 17.19 p 1.694 p

220 T 120 T
222.1 M
29.58 M
29.65 M
292.6 M
0.1296 M
26.36 M
195.8 p 597 T
879.8 p 954 T
183 p 375 T 70 M V4
6.89 M 120 T
V8
6.89 M
FW
LPB IPE2 IPB HPE2 IPS1 HPE3 IPS2 HPB1 HPS3
268 T 1031 T
1934.6 M 1934.6 M
17.19 p 203.6 p 203.6 p 924.2 p 199.7 p 910.5 p 195.8 p 910.5 p 879.8 p
220 T 373 T 383 T 472 T 460 T 523 T 500 T 533 T 954 T
29.65 M 292.6 M 36.75 M 251.1 M 36.75 M 251.1 M 36.75 M 248.6 M 248.6 M
268 326 419 481 534 538 568 569 897 1031
p[psia], T[F], M[kpph], Steam Properties: Thermoflow - STQUIK Natural gas
22
0M
1512 10-13-2004 23:27:31 file=C:\Tflow13\MYFILES\3P 0 70.gtp
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Components
Compressor Combustor - Turbine
23
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Components & Systems (contd)
Combustion System Exhaust System
Silo, Cannular, Simple Cycle Stack
Annular Transition to HRSG
Water, Steam, DLN

Generator
Open-Air cooled
Turbine TEWAC
Multiple Shaft, Single Hydrogen Cooled
Shaft Starting Systems
Number of Stages Diesel
Motor
Material and Static
Manufacturing
Processes
24
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combustion Turbine Fuels
Conventional Fuels
Natural Gas
Liquid Fuel Oil
Nonconventional Fuels
Crude Oil
Refinery Gas
Propane
Synthetic Fuels
Chemical Process
Physical Process
25
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine GE Combustion Turbine Comparisons
26
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Types
Advanced Heavy-Duty Units
Advanced Aero derivative Units
27
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Major Sections
Air Inlet
Compressor
Combustion System
Turbine
Exhaust
Support Systems
28
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Barrier Inlet Filter Systems
29
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Pulse Inlet Filter System
30
Inlet Guide Vanes
31
Inlet Guide Vanes
32
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Compressor Rotor Assembly
33
6B Gas Turbine
34
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Cut Away Side View
35
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Combustor Arrangement
36
Frame 5 GT
37
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine GE LM2500 Aero-derivative Gas Turbine
Power
Compressor
Turbine
Turbine
Section
Section
Compressor
38
FT4 Gas Turbine
39
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine FT4 Gas Turbine Gas Generator Compressor)
40
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine FT4 Gas Turbine Gas Generator (Compressor)
41
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine FT4 Gas Turbine Free Turbine
42
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine FT4 Gas Turbine Free Turbine Gas Path
43
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine FT4 Gas Generator Performance
44
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine FT4 Free Turbine Performance
45
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Aero-derivative Versus Heavy Duty
Combustion Turbines
Aero-derivatives
Higher Pressure Ratios and Firing
Temperatures Result in Higher Power Output
per Pound of Air Flow
Smaller Chilling/Cooling Systems Required
Compressor Inlet Temperature Has a Greater
Impact on Output and Heat Rate
Benefits of Chilling/Cooling Systems are
More Pronounced
46
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Typical Simple Cycle CT Plant Components
Prime Mover (Combustion Turbine)
Fuel Supply & Preparation
Emissions Control Equipment
Generator
Electrical Switchgear
Generator Step Up Transformer
Starting System (Combustion Turbines)
Auxiliary Cooling
Fire Protection
Lubrication System
47
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Typical Peaking Plant Components
Lube Oil System GSU Generator
Switchgear / MCC Starting Engine Fire Protection

48
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combining the Brayton and Rankine Cycles
Gas Turbine Exhaust used as the heat source for the
Steam Turbine cycle
Utilizes the major efficiency loss from the Brayton cycle
Advantages:
Relatively short cycle to design, construct & commission
Higher overall efficiency
Good cycling capabilities
Fast starting and loading
Lower installed costs
No issues with ash disposal or coal storage
Disadvantages
High fuel costs
Uncertain long term fuel source
Output dependent on ambient temperature
49
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine How does a Combined Cycle Plant Work?
Picture courtesy of Nooter/Eriksen

50
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Heat Balance
51
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycles Today
Plant Efficiency ~ 58-60 percent
Biggest losses are mechanical input to the compressor and heat in the
exhaust
Steam Turbine output
Typically 50% of the gas turbine output
More with duct-firing
Net Plant Output (Using Frame size gas turbines)
up to 750 MW for 3 on 1 configuration
Up to 520 MW for 2 on 1 configuration
Construction time about 24 months
Engineering time 80k to 130k labor hours
Engineering duration about 12 months
Capital Cost ($900-$1100/kW)
Two (2) versus Three (3) Pressure Designs
Larger capacity units utilize the additional drums to gain efficiency at the
expense of higher capital costs
52
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Efficiency
Simple cycle efficiency (max ~ 44%*)
Combined cycle efficiency (max ~58-60%*)
Correlating Efficiency to Heat Rate (British Units)
= 3412/(Heat Rate) --> 3412/ = Heat Rate*
Simple cycle 3412/.44 = 7,757 Btu/Kwh*
Combined cycle 3412/.58 = 5,884 Btu/Kwh*
Correlating Efficiency to Heat Rate (SI Units)
= 3600/(Heat Rate) --> 3600/ = Heat Rate*
Simple cycle 3600/.44 = 8,182 KJ/Kwh*
Combined cycle 3600/.58 = 6,207 KJ/Kwh*
Practical Values
HHV basis, net output basis
Simple cycle 7FA (new and clean) 10,860 Btu/Kwh (11,457 KJ/Kwh)
Combined cycle 2x1 7FA (new and clean) 6,218 Btu/Kwh (6,560 KJ/Kwh)
*Gross LHV basis

53
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Gas Turbine Generator Performance
Factors that Influence Performance
Fuel Type, Composition, and Heating Value
Load (Base, Peak, or Part)
Compressor Inlet Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Inlet Pressure Drop
Varies significantly with types of air cleaning/cooling
Exhaust Pressure Drop
Affected by addition of HRSG, SCR, CO catalysts
Steam or Water Injection Rate
Used for either power augmentation or NOx control
Relative Humidity
54
Altitude Correction
55
Humidity Correction
56
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Cogeneration Plant
A Cogeneration Plant
Power generation facility that also provides thermal
energy (steam) to a thermal host.
Typical thermal hosts
paper mills,
chemical plants,
refineries, etc
potentially any user that uses large quantities of steam
on a continuous basis.
Good applications for combined cycle plants
Require both steam and electrical power
57
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Major Combined Cycle Plant Equipment
Combustion Turbine (CT/CTG)
Steam Generator (Boiler/HRSG)
Steam Turbine (ST/STG)
Heat Rejection Equipment
Air Quality Control System (AQCS)
Equipment
Electrical Equipment
58
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
59
GE D11
Steam Turbine
60
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Primary to Secondary to End-Use Energy
Losses Losses
T r a n s fo r m a tio n U tiliz a tio n F in a l

P r im a r y S e c o n d a ry
T r a n s p o r ta tio n D e v ic e o r U s e fu l
E n e rg y E n e rg y
D is tr ib u tio n S y s te m E n e rg y
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Outline
Electricity Basics
Electricity from Fossil Fuels
Co-generation and Tri-generation
Economics
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Electricity Basics
Electricity can be either direct current (DC) or alternating current
(AC)
In AC current, the voltage and current fluctuate up and down 60

times per second in North America and 50 times per second in the
rest of the world
The power (W) in a DC current is equal to current (amps) x voltage

(volts): P=VI
The power in an AC current is equal to the product of the root mean

square (RMS) of the fluctuating current and voltage if the current
and voltage are exactly in phase (exactly tracking each other):
P=Vrms x Irms
The standard electricity distribution system consists of 3 wires with

the current in each wire offset by 1/3 of a cycle from the others, as
shown in the next figure
Three-phase AC Current
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Two Pole Synchronous Generator
Source: EWEA
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Electricity demand continuously varies, and power utilities have to
match this variation as closely as they can by varying their power
production. The following distinctions are made:
Base_load power plants: these are plants that run steadily at full
load, with output equal to the typical minimum electricity demand
during the year. Plants (such as coal or nuclear) that cost a lot to
build but are cheap to operate (having low fuel costs) are good
choices
Peaking powerp lants: these are plants that can go from an off
state to full power within an hour or so, and which can be
scheduled based on anticipated variation in demand (natural gas
turbines or diesel engines would be a common choice)
Spinning reserve: these are plants that are on but running at part
load this permits them to rapidly (within a minute) vary their
output, but at the cost of lower efficiency (and so requires greater
fuel use in the case of fossil fuel power plants).
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Electricity from Fossil Fuels
Pulverized coal
Integrated Gasification/Combined Cycle
(IGCC)
Natural gas turbines and combined cycle
Diesel and natural gas reciprocating
engines
Fuel cells
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Technical issues related to electricity
from fossil fuels
Full load efficiency

Part-load efficiency
Rates of increase of output
Impact of temperature on output
Auxiliary energy use
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Generation of electricity from a conventional,
pulverized-coal power plant
s te a m G e n e ra to r
H ig h - P r e s s u r e B o ile r
e le c tr ic ity o u t
fo s s il fu e l in
S te a m
T u r b in e
a ir ( O 2 )
CO to c o o lin g t o w e r
2
o r c o ld riv e r w a te r
w a te r a n d /o r
c o n d e n s a te c o g e n e r a tio n
CO 2 u p th e s ta c k
s e q u e s te r e d C O 2 c o o lin g w a t e r r e t u r n f lo w
out C ondenser
P um p
Source: Hoffert et al (2002, Science 298, 981-987)

The upper limit to the possible efficiency of a
power plant is given by the Carnot efficiency:
= (Tin-Tout)/Tin
So, the hotter the steam supplied to the steam

turbine, the greater the efficiency.
Hotter steam requires greater pressure, which

requires stronger steel and thicker walls.
so there is a practical limit to the achievable

Carnot efficiency (and actual efficiencies are
even lower)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Coal power plant operating
temperatures and efficiencies
Typical: 590C, 35% efficiency

Best today:
> 600C, 42-44% efficiency
Projected by 2020:
720C, 48-50% efficiency
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle (IGCC)
This is an alternative advanced coal power
plant concept
Rather than burning pulverized solid coal,
the coal is heated to 1000C or so at high
pressure in (ideally) pure oxygen
This turns the coal into a gas that is then
used in a gas turbine, with heat in the
turbine exhaust used to make steam that is
then used in a steam turbine
Efficiencies of ~ 50% are expected, but are
much lower at present
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Generation of electricity with natural gas
Simple-cycle power generation

Combined-cycle power generation
Simple-cycle cogeneration
Combined-cycle cogeneration
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Simple-cycle turbine
Has a compressor, combustor, and

turbine proper
Because hot gases rather than steam
are produced, it is not restricted in
temperature by the rapid increase in
steam pressure with temperature
Thus, the operating temperature is
around 1200C
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Simple-cycle gas turbine and electric
generator
EXHAUST
FUEL
C O M B U STO R
SHAFT
E L E C T R I C IT Y
G EN ERATO R
CO M PRESSO R T U R B IN E
IN T A K E A IR
Source: Williams (1989, Electricity: Efficient End-Use and New Generation Technologies and Their Planning Implications, Lund University Press)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Efficiency of generating electricity using
natural gas
One might expect a high efficiency from
the gas turbine, due to the high input
temperature (and the resulting looser
Carnot limit)
However, about half the output from the
turbine has to be used to compress the
air that is fed into it
Thus, the overall efficiency is only about
35% in modern gas turbines
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Turbine efficiency vs turbine size (power)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Efficiency and cost of a simple-cycle gas
turbine with and without water injection
Due to the afore-mentioned high operating
temperature of the gas turbine, the temperature
of the exhaust gases is sufficiently hot that it
can be used to either:
Make steam and generate more electricity in a

steam turbine (this gives combined cycle power
generation). Or:
provide steam for some industrial process that

can use the heat, or to supply steam for district
heating (this gives simple cycle cogeneration)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined-cycle power generation using
natural gas
C O O L IN G T O W E R
C O ND EN S ER EX H AU ST
W ATER
P U M P
S T E A M T U R B IN E
STEA M
FU EL
H EAT RE CO V ERY
CO M BUSTO R
STEA M G E NE RATO R
SH A FT
G EN ER ATO R
C O M PR ES SO R T U R B IN E
IN T A K E A IR
Source: Williams (1989, Electricity: Efficient End-Use and New Generation Technologies and
Their Planning Implications, Lund University Press)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Simple-cycle cogeneration
EXHAUST
W ATER
PU M P
PR O CESS STEA M
FUEL
H EAT RECO VERY
C O M B U STO R STEAM G ENERATO R
SHAFT
G EN ERATO R
CO M PRESSO R T U R B IN E
IN T A K E A IR
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine The energy can be cascaded even further,
as follows:
Gas turbine steam turbine useful

heat as steam from the steam turbine
(combined cycle cogeneration), or
Gas turbine steam turbine steam
hot water (also combined cycle
cogeneration), or
Gas turbine steam hot water
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Combined-cycle cogeneration
C O O L IN G T O W E R
PR O C ES S S TEA M
C O N D EN S ER EX H A U ST
W ATER
P U M P
S T E A M T U R B IN E ST EA M
FU EL
H EAT R E C O V ER Y
C O M B U STO R ST EA M G E N E R ATO R
SH A FT
G EN E R ATO R
C O M PR ES SO R T U R B IN E
IN T A K E A IR
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Cogeneration system with
production of steam and hot water
E L E C T R IC IT Y
G A S
FU E L T U R B IN E G E N E R ATO R
S T E A M
H E AT
R E C O V E R Y H E AT
E X H A U S T G A S S TE A M E X H A U S T G A S
E X C H A N G E R
G E N E R ATO R
H O T W A TE R
Source: Malik (1997, M. Eng Thesis, U of Toronto)

State-of-the-art natural gas combined-cycle
(NGCC) systems have electricity generation
efficiencies of 55-60%, compared to a typical
efficiency of 35% for single-cycle turbines
However, NGCC systems are economical only

in sizes of 25-30 MW or greater, so for smaller
applications, only the less efficient simple-cycle
systems are used
Thus, a number of techniques are being

developed to boost the electrical efficiency of
simple gas turbines to 42-43%, with one
technique maybe reaching 54-57%
In cogeneration applications, the overall
efficiency (counting both electricity and
useful heat) depends on how much of
the waste heat can be put to use.
However, overall efficiencies of 90% or
better have been achieved
Reciprocating engines
These have pistons that go back and
forth (reciprocate)
Normally they use diesel fuel so these
are the diesel generators normally used
for backup or emergency purposes
However, they can also be fuelled with
natural gas, with efficiencies as high as
45%
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Fuel cells
These are electrochemical devices they
generate electricity through chemical
reactions at two metal plates an anode
and a cathode
Thus, they are not limited to the Carnot
efficiency
Operating temperatures range from 120C
to 1000C, depending on the type of fuel
cell
All fuel cells require a hydrogen-rich gas as
input, which can be made by processing
natural gas or (in the case of high-
temperature fuel cells) coal inside the fuel
cells
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Fuel cells (continued)
Electricity generation efficiencies using
natural gas of 40-50% are possible, and
90% overall efficiency can be obtained if
there is a use for waste heat
In the high-T fuel cells, the exhaust is hot

enough that it can be used to make steam
that can be used in a steam turbine to
make more electricity
An electrical efficiency of 70% should be

possible in this way about twice that of a
typical coal-fired.
F u e l (H 2 ) A ir (M o s tly
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine N 2 + O 2)
D C P ow er
Cross section of
E e le c tr o n flo w
a single fuel cell. N e g a tiv e io n s
or
P o s itiv e io n s
F uel
E L E C T R O LY T E
d is tr ib u tio n
p la te
Several such cells

would be placed next
to each other to form
a fuel cell stack.
O x id iz e d N itr o g e n
F u e l (H 2 O )
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine United Technologies Company 200-kW phosphoric
acid fuel cell that uses natural gas as a fuel.
1=fuel processor,
2=cell stack,
3=power conditioner,
4=electronics and controls
Source: www.utcfuelcells.com
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Solid Oxide Fuel Cell / Gas Turbine System
o
SOFC = Solid Oxide Fuel cell 847 C
AC,FC = Air & Fuel compressor
Fuel Air
CB = Catalytic burner GT-2
o o
GT = Gas turbine
25 C 25 C HRSG = Heat recovery steam generator 1079 C
o
HE = Heat exchanger
FC AC GT-1
o o
236 C 301 C
HE-1 o
738 C
o
o 448 C
o
SOFC 985 C CB
526 C o
1290 C
HE-2
M
o
468 C Turbine
Exhaust
440 C
o Pump
HRSG To heat load

HE-3
509 C
o
224 C
o From heat load
o
25 C
Electrical efficiency vs. load
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Figure 3.11b Relative electrical efficiency vs. load
Summarizing the preceding slides and other
information,
Natural gas combined-cycle has the highest full-load
efficiency (55-60%) and holds its efficiency well at part load
Reciprocating engines have intermediate full-load

efficiencies (40-45%) and load their efficiencies well at part
load
Gas turbines and micro-turbines have low full-load

efficiencies (typically 25-35%, but ranging from 16% to
43%) and experience a substantial drop at part load
Fuel cells using natural gas have intermediate full-load

efficiency (40-45%) but this efficiency increases at part
load
Capital Costs Today
Pulverized coal power plant with state-of-

the-art pollution controls: $1200-1400/kW
Natural gas combined cycle: $400-600/kW
in mature markets, $600-900/kW in most
developing countries
Reciprocating engines: $600-1200/kW
Fuel cells: $3000-5000/kW
Cogeneration
Cogeneration is the simultaneous
production of electricity and useful heat
basically, take the waste heat from
electricity generation and put it to some
useful purpose. Two possible uses are to
feed the heat into a district heating
system, and to supply it to an industrial
process
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Figure 3.12 Proportion of electricity produced
decentrally (overwhelmingly as cogeneration)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Technical issues
Impact of withdrawing useful heat on the

production of electricity
Ratio of electricity to heat production
Temperature at which heat is supplied
Electrical, thermal and overall efficiencies
Marginal efficiency of electricity generation
Four efficiencies for cogeneration:
The electrical efficiency the amount of electricity
produced divided by the fuel use (later Ill need to
call this the direct electrical efficiency)
The thermal efficiency
the amount of useful heat provided divided
__by the fuel use
The overall efficiency the sum of the of two
The effective or marginal efficiency of electricity
generation explained later
Impact of withdrawing heat
In simple-cycle cogeneration, capturing some

of the heat in the hot gas exhaust does not
reduce the production of electricity, but the
electrical production is already low
In cogeneration with steam turbines, the
withdrawal of steam from the turbine at a
higher temperature than would otherwise be
the case reduces the electricity production
The higher the temperature at which we want
to take heat, the more that electricity
production is reduced
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Example of the tradeoff between production of useful heat
and loss of electricity production
using steam turbine cogeneration
Source: Bolland and Undrum (1999, Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, 125-130, Elsevier
Science, New York)
Thus, to maximize the electricity production,
we want to be able to make use of heat at
the lowest possible temperature.
If the heat is to be provided to buildings, that

means having well insulated buildings that
can be kept warm with radiators that are not
very hot
The alternative to cogeneration is the
separate production of heat and electricity.
The effective efficiency in generating
electricity is the amount of electrical energy
produced divided by the extra fuel used to
produce electricity along with heat
compared to the amount of fuel that would
be used in producing heat alone. The extra
amount of fuel required in turn depends on
the efficiency with which we would have
otherwise have produced heat with a boiler
or furnace.
For example, suppose that we have a cogeneration
system with an electrical efficiency of 25% and an
overall efficiency of 80%. Then, the thermal
efficiency is 80%-25%=55% - we get 55 units of
useful heat from the 100 units of fuel. If the
alternative for heating is a furnace at 80%
efficiency, we would have required 68.75 units of
fuel to produce the 55 units of heat. Thus, the extra
fuel use in cogeneration is 100-68.75=31.25 units,
and the effective electricity generation efficiency is
25/31.25=80%. I call this the marginal efficiency,
because it is based on looking at things on the
margin (this is a concept from economics).
With a little algebra, it can be shown that
the marginal efficiency is given by
nmarginal = nel/(1-nth/nb)
where nel and nth are the electrical and

thermal efficiencies of the cogeneration
system, and nb is the efficiency of the
boiler or furnace that would otherwise be
used for heating
Marginal efficiency of electricity generation in cogeneration
(el = efficiency of the alternative, central power plant for
electricity generation)
Key points
For a given thermal efficiency, the

effective electrical efficiency is higher the
higher the direct electrical efficiency
However, very high effective electrical
efficiencies can be achieved even with
low direct electrical efficiencies if the
thermal efficiency is high that is, if we
can make use of most of the waste heat
To get a high thermal efficiency requires
being able to make use of low-
temperature heat (at 50-60C), as well as
making use of higher temperature heat
Electricity:heat ratio
Because the marginal electricity generation efficiency in
cogeneration is generally much higher than the efficiency of a
dedicated central powerplant, there is a substantial reduction in
the amount of fuel used to generate electricity when
cogeneration is used
Thus, we would like to displace as much inefficient central
electricity generation as possible when cogeneration is used to
supply a given heating requirement
This in turn requires that the electricity-to-heat production ratio
in cogeneration be as large as possible
(Remember none of the gains that weve talked about occur if
we cant use the waste heat produced by cogeneration)
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Electricity : heat output ratio in cogeneration
Figure 3.17 Dependence of overall savings through cogeneration
on the electricity:heat ratio and on the central powerplant
efficiency, assuming a 90% overall efficiency for cogeneration and
90% efficiency for the alternative heating system
Cost of Electricity
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Issues related to the cost of
electricity:
Capital cost, interest rate, lifespan
Fuel cost (impact of depends on
efficiency)
Fixed and variable operation &
maintenance costs
Baseload vs peaking costs
Transmission line costs and
transmission losses
Amount of backup capacity
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Capital cost of natural gas combined cycle
cogeneration plants
Amortization of capital cost:
CRF x Ccap / (8760 x CF) units: $/kWh
where CRF = i /(1-(1+i)-N) is the cost recovery

factor
_i = interest rate
_N = financing time period
Ccap = capital cost ($/kW)
8760 is the number of hours in a year
CF= capacity factor (annual average output as a
fraction of capacity)
Fuel contribution to the final cost:
Cfuel ($/GJ) x 0.0036 (GJ/kWh) / efficiency
The cost of electricity from less efficient

power plants will be more sensitive to the
cost of fuel than the cost of electricity from
efficient power plants, but more efficient
power plants will tend to have greater capital
cost
Typical overnight capital costs and best
efficiencies
Pulverized coal: $1200-1400/kW,= 0.45-0.48
IGCC: $1400-2600/kW today, = 0.41-0.55
$1150-1400/kW hoped for, future
NGCC: $400-600/kW, = 0.55-0.60
Reciprocating engine: $600-1200/kW,=0.40-0.46
Micro-turbine: $1800-2600/kW, = 0.23-0.27
Fuel cells: $3000-5000/kW, = 0.35-0.45
$1000-1500/kW hoped for, future
NGCC/FC hybrid: $2000-3000/kW, = 0.70-0.80
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Cost of electricity from coal and natural gas
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Cost of heat from boilers, electricity with or without
cogeneration, and heat from cogeneration
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Cost of electricity from central coal (at $2/GJ)
and from natural gas (at $10/GJ)
Water requirements
Most thermal power plants use water to cool

the condenser of a steam turbine and for
other, minor, purposes
There are two approaches:
a once-through cooling system
a recirculating system in a cooling tower
Water use by power generation represents the
largest or second largest use of water in most
countries (with irrigation sometimes being a
larger use)
In once-through systems, the water is
returned to the source (but at a warmer
temperature). Large volumes of water are
needed not available in arid regions
In a recirculating systems, water that has
removed heat from the condenser is sprayed
through a cooling tower, where it is cooled by
evaporation, then returns to the condenser
This consumes water, but the amount that is
withdrawn from the water source (lakes, rivers
or groundwater) is smaller than in once-
through systems
Typical water requirements
Steam turbines (as in coal power plants)

Once through: 80-190 liters withdrawn per kWh of
__generated electricity, ~ 1 liter / kWh consumed
Recirculating: 1-3 liters/kWh withdrawn
1-2 liters/kWh consumed
Natural gas combined cycle
Once through: 30 liters/kWh withdrawn
~ 0.4 liters/kWh consumed
Recirculating: 0.9 liters/kWh withdrawn
0.7 liters/kWh consumed
Bottom line:
More efficient power plants, such as

natural gas combined cycle power
plants, use less water per kWh of
generated electricity than less efficient
power plants
The water requirements can be a
constraining factor in arid regions
It is possible to use air rather than water
to cool the condenser, but then the
efficiency drops
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Section 3.1 Steam Turbine Fundamentals
Overview
Hero Reaction Turbine 120 B.C.
First Practical Turbine 1884, C. Parsons
First Power Plant 7.5 kw 1890
Reaction, Impulse and Velocity-Compounded
Reheat Steam 1930s
Last 100 years Turbine is the key element in
generating electricity
Turbines run Generators, Pumps, Fans, etc.
Today up to 1,500 MW
126
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Steam Turbine Fundamentals
Overview
127
Fundamentals
Energy Transfer
Coal, Natural Gas,

Nuclear, Biofuel,
Waste Fuel
128
Section 3.1 Steam Turbine Fundamentals
Reaction Turbines
Newtons third law of motion For every action
there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Narrowing
Steam Path Narrowing
Steam Path
129
Impulse Turbines
Steam / Gas Flow
Fixed Vanes
Moving Blades
130
Reaction Impulse Comparison
131
Velocity-Compounded Turbine
Velocity compounding is a form of staging which
by dividing the work load over several stages
results in improved efficiency and a smaller
diameter for the blade wheels due to a reduction
in Ideal blade speed per stage.
Inlet Pressure
1
P=
V
Inlet
Velocity
132
Turbine Components - Blades

Impulse
Reaction
133
Turbine Diaphragms
Diaphragms contain the fixed blades

134
Steam Turbine Casing
135
Turbine Rotor
136
Turbine Shaft and Casing Seals
137
Turbine Types
Straight HP
Tandem HP
Tandem LP
138
Turbine Multiple Sets
139
Section 3.2 Steam Turbine Design
Overview
Classification by;
Type Reaction or Impulse
Steam Temperature and Pressure
Configuration Compound, Tandem
Compound, Cross Compound
Reheat
Output MW
Structural Elements
140
Turbine Design - Basics
141
Materials
Blades
Stainless Steel 403 & 422 (+Cr)
17-4 PH steel (+ Ti)
Super Alloys
Rotor
High Chrome Moley Steel Cr-Mo-V
Low Ni Chrome Steel Ni-Cr-Mo-V
142
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal
energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir
Charles Parsons in 1884.
Steam Turbine may also be define as a device

which converts heat energy of to the steam to
the mechanical energy which finally converted
into electrical energy.
143
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is
particularly suited to be used to drive an
electrical generator about 90% of all electricity
generation in the United States, is by use of
steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of
heat engine that derives much of its improvement
in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of
multiple stages in the expansion of the steam,
which results in a closer approach to the ideal
reversible process.
144
The modern steam turbine was invented in
1884 by Sir Charles Parsons, whose first
model was connected to a dynamo that
generated 7.5 kW (10 hp) of electricity. The
Parsons turbine also turned out to be easy to
scale up. Parsons had the satisfaction of
seeing his invention adopted for all major world
power stations, and the size of generators had
increased from his first 7.5 kW set up to units
of 500MW capacity.
145
Steam turbines are made in a variety of sizes
ranging from small <0.75 kW units used as
mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and
other shaft driven equipment, to 1,500 MW
turbines used to generate electricity. There are
several classifications for modern steam
turbines.
146
WORK IN A TURBINE VISUALIZED
147
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Further the steam turbine is based
upon Rankine cycle
An ideal Rankine cycle operates between
pressures of 30 kPa and 6 MPa. The
temperature of the steam at the inlet of
the turbine is 550C. Find the net work for
the cycle and the thermal efficiency.
Wnet=Wturbine-Wpump OR Qin-Qout
Thermal efficiency hth=Wnet/Qin
Net work done is converted into power output
of turbine.
148
Ideal Rankine Cycle
This cycle follows the idea of the Carnot cycle but can be
practically implemented.
1-2 isentropic pump 2-3 constant pressure heat addition

3-4 isentropic turbine 4-1 constant pressure heat rejection
149
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINE
Classification of steam turbines may be done as

following:
1.According to action of steam
(a) Impulse turbine
(b) Reaction turbine
(c) Combination of both
2. According to direction of flow:

(a) Axial flow turbine
(b) Radial flow turbine
3. According to number of stages

(a) Single stage turbine
(b) Multi stage turbine
150
(4). According to number of cylinders
(a) Single cylinder turbine
(b) Double cylinder turbine
(c) Three cylinder turbine
(5) According to steam pressure at inlet of Turbine:

(a) Low pressure turbine
(b) Medium pressure turbine.
(c) High pressure turbine
(d) Super critical pressure turbine.
151
Description of common types of Turbines.
The common types of steam turbine are
1. Impulse Turbine.
2. Reaction Turbine.
The main difference between these two turbines lies in

the way of expanding the steam while it moves through
them.
In the impulse turbine, the steam expands in the

nozzles and it's pressure does not alter as it moves over
the blades. In the reaction turbine the steam expanded
continuously as it passes over the blades and thus there
is gradual fall in the pressure during expansion below the
atmospheric pressure.
152
PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM
FOR A TURBINE NOZZLE
PRESSURE
ENTRANCE EXIT
HIGH THERMAL ENERGY LOW THERMAL ENERGY
HIGH PRESSURE LOW PRESSURE
LOW VELOCITY HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM INLET STEAM EXHAUST
VELOCITY
153
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Simple impulse Turbine.
It the impulse turbine, the steam expanded within the

nozzle and there is no change in the steam pressure as it
passes over the blades
ROTOR
NOZZLE
STEAM
CHEST
154
155
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR
A MOVING IMPULSE BLADE
DIRECTION OF SPIN REPRESENTS MOVING PRESSURE

IMPULSE BLADES
VELOCITY
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE EXIT
HIGH VELOCITY LOW VELOCITY
STEAM INLET STEAM EXHAUST
156
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Reaction Turbine
In this type of turbine, there is a gradual pressure drop

and takes place continuously over the fixed and moving
blades. The rotation of the shaft and drum, which carrying
the blades is the result of both impulse and reactive force
in the steam. The reaction turbine consist of a row of
stationary blades and the following row of moving blades.
The fixed blades act as a nozzle which are attached

inside the cylinder and the moving blades are fixed with
the rotor as shown in the figure.
157
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine When the steam expands over the blades there is
gradual increase in volume and decrease in pressure.
But the velocity decreases in the moving blades and
increases in fixed blades with change of direction.
Because of the pressure drops in each stage, the

number of stages required in a reaction turbine is much
greater than in a impulse turbine of same capacity.
It also concluded that as the volume of steam increases

at lower pressures therefore the diameter of the turbine
must increase after each group of blade rings.
158
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine REACTION TURBINE PRINCIPLE
ROTOR
STEAM CHEST
159
160
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR A
MOVING REACTION BLADE
DIRECTION OF SPIN
REPRESENTS MOVING
REACTION BLADES
PRESSURE
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE
HIGH PRESSURE EXIT
HIGH VELOCITY LOW PRESSURE
VELOCITY
STEAM INLET LOW VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST
161
162
. Compounding in Steam Turbine.
The compounding is the way of reducing the wheel or

rotor speed of the turbine to optimum value. It may be
defined as the process of arranging the expansion of
steam or the utilization of kinetic energy or both in several
rings.
There are several methods of reducing the speed of rotor

to lower value. All these methods utilize a multiple system
of rotors in series keyed on a common shaft, and the seam
pressure or jet velocity is absorbed in stages as the steam
flows over the blades.
163
Different methods of compounding are:
1.Velocity Compounding
2.Pressure Compounding
3.Pressure Velocity Compounding.
These are explained in detail as given below:
164
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Velocity Compounding:
There are a number of moving blades separated by rings

of fixed blades. All the moving blades are keyed on a
common shaft. When the steam passed through the
nozzles where it is expanded to condenser pressure, it's
Velocity becomes very high. This high velocity steam
then passes through a series of moving and fixed blades
When the steam passes over the moving blades it's

velocity decreases. The function of the fixed blades is to
re-direct the steam flow without altering it's velocity to the
following next row moving blades where a work is done
on them and steam leaves the turbine with a low velocity
as shown in diagram.
165
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine VELOCITY COMPOUNDED TURBINE
166
167
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Pressure Compounding:
These are the rings of moving blades which are keyed on a
same shaft in series, are separated by the rings of fixed
nozzles.
The steam at boiler pressure enters the first set of nozzles and
expanded partially. The kinetic energy of the steam thus
obtained is absorbed by moving blades.
The steam is then expanded partially in second set of nozzles

where it's pressure again falls and the velocity increase the
kinetic energy so obtained is absorbed by second ring of
moving blades.
This process repeats again and again and at last, steam

leaves the turbine at low velocity and pressure. During entire
process, the pressure decrease continuously but the velocity
fluctuate as shown in diagram.
168
PRESSURE COMPOUNDED
TURBINE
169
170
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Pressure velocity compounding
This method of compounding is the combination of two
previously discussed methods. The total drop in steam
pressure is divided into stages and the velocity obtained
in each stage is also compounded. The rings of nozzles
are fixed at the beginning of each stage and pressure
remains constant during each stage as shown in figure.
The turbine employing this method of compounding may

be said to combine many of the advantages of both
pressure and velocity staging By allowing a bigger
pressure drop in each stage, less number stages are
necessary and hence a shorter turbine will be obtained
for a given pressure drop.
171
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDED
IMPULSE TURBINE
CURTIS STAGE RATEAU STAGE

NOZZLE, MOVING BLADE, NOZZLE & MOVING
FIXED BLADE, AND MOVING BLADE BLADE
NOZZLE MOVING FIXED MOVING NOZZLE MOVING
BLADE BLADE BLADE BLADE
PRESSURE
VELOCITY
172
173
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Steam supply and exhaust conditions
These types include condensing, non-condensing, reheat,
extraction and induction.
Condensing turbines are most commonly found in

electrical power plants. These turbines exhaust steam in
a partially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%,
at a pressure well below atmospheric to a condenser.
Non-condensing or back pressure turbines are most

widely used for process steam applications. The exhaust
pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the
needs of the process steam pressure. These are
commonly found at refineries, heating units, pulp and
paper plants, and desalination facilities where large
amounts of low pressure process steam are available.
174
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Reheat turbines are also used almost exclusively in
electrical power plants. In a reheat turbine, steam flow
exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is
returned to the boiler where additional superheat is
added. The steam then goes back into an intermediate
pressure section of the turbine and continues its
expansion.
Extracting type turbines are common in all applications.

In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from
various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial
process needs or sent to boiler feedwater heaters to
improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows may be
controlled with a valve, or left uncontrolled.
Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an

intermediate stage to produce additional power.
175
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Casing or shaft arrangements
These arrangements include single casing, tandem
compound and cross compound turbines. Single casing
units are the most basic style where a single casing and
shaft are coupled to a generator. Tandem compound are
used where two or more casings are directly coupled
together to drive a single generator.
A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or

more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that
often operate at different speeds. A cross compound
turbine is typically used for many large applications.
176
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Two-flow rotors
A two-flow turbine rotor. The steam enters in the middle of
the shaft, and exits at each end, balancing the axial force.
The moving steam imparts both a tangential and axial
thrust on the turbine shaft, but the axial thrust in a simple
turbine is unopposed. To maintain the correct rotor position
and balancing, this force must be counteracted by an
opposing force.
Either thrust bearings can be used for the shaft bearings,

or the rotor can be designed so that the steam enters in
the middle of the shaft and exits at both ends. The blades
in each half face opposite ways, so that the axial forces
negate each other but the tangential forces act together.
This design of rotor is called two-flow or double-exhaust.
177
178
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Principle of operation and design
An ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic
process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of
the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the
steam leaving the turbine
No steam turbine is truly isentropic, however, with typical

isentropic efficiencies ranging from 2090% based on the
application of the turbine.
The interior of a turbine comprises several sets of blades,

or buckets as they are more commonly referred to. One set of
stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of
rotating blades is connected to the shaft.
The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the

size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the
expansion of steam at each stage.
179
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Turbine efficiency
Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an
impulse and a reaction turbine
To maximize turbine efficiency the steam is expanded, doing

work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized
by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as
either impulse or reaction turbines.
Most steam turbines use a mixture of the reaction and

impulse designs: each stage behaves as either one or the
other, but the overall turbine uses both. Typically, higher
pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure
stages are reaction type.
180
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Impulse turbines
An impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow
into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic
energy, which is converted into shaft rotation by the bucket-like
shaped rotor blades, as the steam jet changes direction.
A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with

a net increase in steam velocity across the stage. As the steam
flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from inlet pressure to
the exit pressure (atmospheric pressure, or more usually, the
condenser vacuum). Due to this high ratio of expansion of
steam, the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity.
The steam leaving the moving blades has a large portion of the
maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The
loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly
called the carry over velocity or leaving loss.
181
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Reaction turbines
In the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are
arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine
makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam
accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor.
Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator.
It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of
the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its
speed relative to the speed of the blades.
A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor,
with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating
through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across
the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and
temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the
rotor.
182
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Operation and maintenance
When warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam
stop valves (after the boiler) have a bypass line to allow
superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and
proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with the
steam turbine. Also, a turning gear is engaged when there
is no steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to
ensure even heating to prevent uneven expansion.
After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing

time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing),
then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted
to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead
blades slowly rotating the turbine at 1015 RPM (0.17
0.25 Hz) to slowly warm the turbine.
183
Any imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in
extreme cases can lead to a blade breaking away from
the rotor at high velocity and being ejected directly
through the casing. To minimize risk it is essential that the
turbine be very well balanced and turned with dry steam -
that is, superheated steam with a minimal liquid water
content.
If water gets into the steam and is blasted onto the blades
(moisture carry over), rapid impingement and erosion of
the blades can occur leading to imbalance and
catastrophic failure. Also, water entering the blades will
result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the
turbine shaft.
184
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine To prevent this, along with controls and baffles in the
boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains
are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.
Modern designs are sufficiently refined that problems with
turbines are rare and maintenance requirements are
relatively small.
The steam turbine operates on basic principles

of thermodynamics using the part of the Rankine
cycle. Superheated vapor (or dry saturated vapor,
depending on application) enters the turbine, after it having
exited the boiler, at high temperature and high pressure.
The high heat/pressure steam is converted into kinetic
energy using a nozzle. Once the steam has exited the
nozzle it is moving at high velocity and is sent to the
blades of the turbine.
185
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine A force is created on the blades due to the pressure of
the vapor on the blades causing them to move. A
generator or other such device can be placed on the
shaft, and the energy that was in the vapor can now be
stored and used.
The gas exits the turbine as a saturated vapor (or liquid-

vapor mix depending on application) at a lower
temperature and pressure than it entered with and is
sent to the condenser to be cooled
186
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Isentropic turbine efficiency
To measure how well a turbine is performing we can look
at its isentropic efficiency. This compares the actual
performance of the turbine with the performance that
would be achieved by an ideal, isentropic, turbine. When
calculating this efficiency, heat lost to the surroundings is
assumed to be zero.
The starting pressure and temperature is the same for

both the actual and the ideal turbines, but at turbine exit
the energy content ('specific enthalpy') for the actual
turbine is greater than that for the ideal turbine because
of irreversibility in the actual turbine.
187
The isentropic efficiency is found by dividing
the actual work by the ideal work.
where
h1 is the specific enthalpy at state one
h2 is the specific enthalpy at state two for
the actual turbine
h2s is the specific enthalpy at state two for
the isentropic turbine
188

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Natural Gas Fueled Combution Turbine Combined Cycle Electricity Generator.flv

Main Gas Turbine Manufactures:

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Synthetic Gas from coal.

Fuel Oil. Resources available in KSA

Biogas from forestry, domestic and

Power Losses Less power losses Higher Power Losses

Heat Market Required Not Required

Capital Cost per kW delivered 630 1200

Those information are included in Grid Connection Offer &

Client (Requires connection) and TSO must implement Grid Code

TSO may be disconnected or terminated the Grid Connection

The Implementation of the Grid Code may have significant impact

Small Infrastructures of the High Voltage Lines

Distance from Energy Load Centres (West Coast)

High Cost of Design and planning permission for Shallow

Planning Restrictions regarding OHL Construction

Gas & Steam Turbine Generator 210000000

2 bay 110kV/220kV Substation 4420000

220kV OHL 710000/km (12km)

110kV OHL 320000/km (15km)

Buried Cable 500MVA (optional) 2150000/km

Total Cost 227740000

The energy contained in a flowing ideal gas

The compressor requires typically approximately 50% of

Overall Thermal Efficiency =

Typical overall thermal efficiencies of a combustion

INLET AIR EXHAUST GAS

Natural gas 18.58 m

122 T 17.19 p 1.694 p

LPB IPE2 IPB HPE2 IPS1 HPE3 IPS2 HPB1 HPS3

Water, Steam, DLN

Lube Oil System GSU Generator

Switchgear / MCC Starting Engine Fire Protection

Picture courtesy of Nooter/Eriksen

*Gross LHV basis

T r a n s fo r m a tio n U tiliz a tio n F in a l

In AC current, the voltage and current fluctuate up and down 60

The power (W) in a DC current is equal to current (amps) x voltage

The power in an AC current is equal to the product of the root mean

The standard electricity distribution system consists of 3 wires with

Full load efficiency

Source: Hoffert et al (2002, Science 298, 981-987)

So, the hotter the steam supplied to the steam

Hotter steam requires greater pressure, which

so there is a practical limit to the achievable

Typical: 590C, 35% efficiency

Simple-cycle power generation

Has a compressor, combustor, and

Make steam and generate more electricity in a

provide steam for some industrial process that

Gas turbine steam turbine useful

Source: Malik (1997, M. Eng Thesis, U of Toronto)

However, NGCC systems are economical only

Thus, a number of techniques are being

In the high-T fuel cells, the exhaust is hot

An electrical efficiency of 70% should be

Several such cells

HRSG To heat load

Reciprocating engines have intermediate full-load

Gas turbines and micro-turbines have low full-load