ANALISA UJI KANDUNG LAPISAN

RABU, 27 JUNI 2007

08.15 11.30
OBJECTIVES

TO HAVE UNDERSTANDING ABOUT :

1. IMPORTANT OF WELLTEST IN RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT.

2. TYPE OF WELL TESTING.
3. PLANNING A WELLTEST.
4. DRILL STEM TEST (DST).
5. DST ANALYSIS.
6. CONSIDERATION FOR CHOOSED TYPE OF WELLTEST.
INTRODUCTION

Well testing
- Technique that examines a significant portion of the
reservoir under dynamic conditions to determine its
production capability and reservoir properties
- The Science of measuring pressure changes in wells
and interpreting those pressure changes as a
response of short-term flow periods and subsequent
pressure buildup after shut-in.

The analysis of test data provides estimates of flowing properties and

reservoir geometry. Well testing and analysis is a highly technical
specialized field. There is a vast wealth of literature on the practical and
theoretical aspects of the topic.
WELL TESTING

Pressures are the most valuable and useful data in reservoir engineering. Directly
or indirectly, they enter into all phases of reservoir engineering calculations.
Therefore accurate determination of reservoir parameters is very important. In
general, oil well test analysis is conducted to meet the following objectives:

1. To evaluate well condition and reservoir characterization

(estimates of in-situ properties such as porosity, permeability,
transmissibility, productivity, injectivity and formation damage /skin
near well bores).
2. To obtain reservoir parameters for reservoir description.
(understanding about reservoir pressure, size and continuity;
quantifying reservoir and aquifer behavior, etc).

reservoir rock characteristics as determined from well tests are averaged

values over the area of the reservoir contacted during the test.
BASIC REASON FOR TESTING A WELL

1. To obtain a physical sample of the fluids produced from the

reservoir;
2. To obtain a measured flow rate indicative of the productivity
of the formation;
3. To obtain pressure data for the calculation of reservoir
parameters and for the recognition of natural or induced
anomalies around the borehole.
COMMON TEST AND ITS APPLICATION

The commonly performed tests The applications of these tests

Degree of reservoir damage

Pressure drawdown
Area of drainage
Pressure build-up Potential well productivity
Step rate Injectivity
Drill stem Permeability of different intervals
Productivity Transmissibility (kh/)
Injectivity Capacity (kh)
Multi-rate Productivity Index
Length of fracture system
Interference
Radius of drainage
Pulse Distance to fault or barrier
Open flow potential
Oil and/or gas in place
TESTING TYPE
TESTING TYPE-2
TEST STRING CONFIGURATION
TEST STRING
TYPE OF DOWNHOLE PRESSURE GAUGE

(GEOSERVICES GAUGE)
 Mechanical gauge Electrical memory gauge

These self-
contained
gauges have
three essential
components: a In most of
pressure- these gauges a
sensing device, transducer
a pressure-time converts
recorder, and a pressure into
mechanical an electrical
clock. The signal that is
pressure recorded
element of a downhole.
mechanical Pressure data
gauge is are available
normally a only after a
multiple-coil gauge has
Bourdon-tube been retrieved
type to surface.
GAUGE ACCURACY
EXAMPLE BASIC TEST SEQUENCE
EXAMPLE BASIC TEST SEQUENCE CONT
TESTING PRINCIPLE

Test based on the principle that the flow rate is

proportional to the driving forces (static or capillary
pressure) over resisting forces (matrix geometry and fluid
properties).

Measured period of Reservoir response

shut-in and flowing RESERVOIR
(pressure).
rates.
PLANNING A WELLTEST

SYSTEMATICALLY IS EXTREMELY IMPORTANT

DST (DRILL STEM TEST) ~ UKL

Method of temporary completing a well to determine the productive characteristics

of a specific zone by provided primarily indication of formation fluid content and
data to help evaluate productivity of the zone, completion practices, estimate
formation properties and well bore damage.
ESTIMATED RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
FROM DST ANALYSIS
RUNNING DST
EXAMPLE DST STRIP CHART
DST STRIP CHART

Good DST data should :

RECOMMENDATION FOR FLOW AND SHUT-IN
TIME FOR DST
Knoval Oilwell Testing

no ACTIVITY DURATION GOAL

Remove any excess pressure which
1 1st Flow 5-15 mnt may have resulted from setting the
packer.
2 1st Buildup 30-60 mnt Get reliable initial reservoir pressure.

Evaluate formation characteristic for

3 2nd Flow 60 mnt
some distance from the well.

30 mnt to several Calculate transmissibility and other

4 2nd Buildup
hours. reservoir characteristics.

COMPARING EKSTRAPOLATED 2ND BUILDUP PRESSURE WITH INITIAL BUILDUP PRESSURE

INDICATE THE SIZE OF THE RESERVOIR.
TIME FOR FINISHED THE TESTING
CHECKING VALIDITY AND CONSISTENCY FOR
DST REPORTING DATA

1. Calculate the hydrostatic mud pressure and check agains

recorded initial and final hydrostatic mud pressure.
Mud Gradient (psi/ft) = 0.433 / 8.33 x ppg mud weight.
Hydraulic Pressure (psi) = Well depth (ft) x Mud Gradient.
Mud Weight = Hydrostatic Press x Depth x (8.33/0.433)

2. Check with reported mud weight.

3. Check accuracy of Pi (estimated from extrapolated MTR Line of
the second shut-in to (tp+dt)/dt = 1.
DST Strip Chart Identification

a) Packer failed and could not be set.

b) Runaway clock. Clock spring
released.
c) Tool failed to close. No buildup is
obtained.
d) Tool failed to Open.
e) Clock stopped at shut-in drill-stem
normal.
f) Effect of large superpressure.
Pressure buildup during flow and
buildup period,
g) No formation permeability small
amount of mud may be recovered,
h) Low-permeability formation.
DST ANALYSIS ~ HORNERS PLOT
In a DST, the flow period is about the same duration as the shut-in period, and
so pressure buildup data must be analyzed with the Horner plot, pws versus
log[(tp + dt)/dt]
If the shut-in period is long enough, and if wellbore storage is not dominant, a
Horner plot of buildup should have a straight-line section with slope m,
where permeability calculated as :

Or transmissibility

The skin factor is estimated from the following empirical equation for a dimen-
sionless value s denoting "skin factor."

The term log[(tp+1)/tp] is normally neglected when tp 1 or when the skin

factor is high.
damage ratio (DR), which compares flow rate observed on a DST (q0) to the
theoretical flow rate without damage (qt).

An equation for calculation of DR based on the skin factor is related to the

equation

DR substantially greater than 1.0 indicates damage. Eq. can be simplified by

assigning average values to formation parameters. This produced an equation
for estimated damage ratio (EDR):
 An equation for calculation of DR based on the skin factor relation is
reported as

where pressure drop across the skin is computed as

Initial or average pressure p is estimated by extrapolating the Horner

straight line to infinite shut-in time (tp + dt)/dt = 1. Both the first buildup plot
and the second buildup plot extrapolate to the same static or initial
pressure. A second DST is sometimes required to define the depletion. If
the second buildup static pressure is lower than the first, then depletion of
the reservoir is possible.
For practical purpose, the radius of investigation during DST is equivalent to the
radius of drainage given by :

The following equation from Van Poollen may be used to estimate the radius of
investigation of a particular DST in an infinite radial flow system:
ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE FLOW RATE (DST)

1. CALCULATE MUD GRADIENT PSIFT

MGR = MUD WEIGHT (PPG) * 0.433/8.333
2. ESTIMATED FEET OF MUD
FOM = INITIAL SHUT-IN PRESSURE AT THE END OF 1ST FLOW / MGR
3. CALCULATE CAPACITY OF DRILL COLLAR.
CDR = Cs * RHO /144
WHERE Cs WELLBORE STORAGE = 25.65* Awb(ft^2) /Rho (lb /ft3)
Awb = Phi * Rp^2 . Rp = ID Drill Collar.
Rho = fluid density (lb/ft^3) = 141.5 /(131.5 + SG)

4. ESTIMATE FLUID PRODUCED FROM FORMATION FPF

FPR = CDR * FOM . (FT)
5. CALCULATE INITIAL FLOW RATE
QI = FPF / (FLOWTIME * 1440 MIN/DAY) ..STBPD
DRILLSTEM BUILD UP ANALYSIS WITH
LIMITED DATA

If the pressure data available are incomplete, the analysis procedure explained
previously cannot be used. A few key data points are read at thewell site just
after the test. These include:

Initial hydrostatic mud pressure

Initial shut-in pressure, pisi.
Pressure at the end of first flow period
Pressure at the end of second flow period
Final shut-in pressure, pfsi.

The initial reservoir pressure is taken as

The value of m for the semilog straight line is approximately given by

where dt is the total shut-in time (time when

pisi was read)
DRILLSTEM BUILD UP ANALYSIS WITH
LIMITED DATA. Cont..

Permeability may be estimated as

This practical method will not be useable, if the initial and final shut-in
pressures are the same, m estimated will be zero.

Estimate damage ratio using the following equations:

TYPICAL USE OF WELL TESTING
DST DEVELOPMENT
WELLTEST PLAN PACKAGE

1. STATEMENT OF TEST OBJECTIVES

Specify why the well is being tested and what is the expectation to achieves
from the test data.
2. PROPOSED TEST DESIGN
Specificy type of test to be run; flow rates, duration, periods; shut-in periods and
times; the contingency procedures in the event that the test has to be altered in
the field because of mechanical problems.
3. MECHANICAL DESIGN
Specify required surface and subsurface mechanical system. Included Test
interval and landing locations, well completion diagram, surface test facilities
(meter system, and the way in which the produced fluids are to be disposed) .
4. INSTRUMENTATION
Specify pressure and temperature measuring and recording devices (with
backup as needed) as well as the wire line recommendations.
5. SAMPLING
Specify sampling fluids: how many samples to take, when, and where.
6. WELLTEST REPORTING
Communicating the results of the well-test procedures clearly to all persons
concerned with the test and make sure all test data is recorded safely
environmental. Regulatory considerations must be included in this design.
CONCLUSION

1. To know reservoir properties and well productivity, well testing is

applied with many type of test.
2. The Test conducted while in exploration phase and production
phase, both in open hole or cased hole.
3. This test is doing by measuring pressure changes in wells and
interpreting those pressure changes as a response of short-term
flow periods and subsequent pressure buildup after shut-in.
4. In extreemely condition where production facilities not enough to
handle the product and expensively cost, DST still prefered for
testing the well.
5. New technology (MDT, RFT etc) now replace the DST cause by its
precision result with controllable testing time.
6. In normal condition such in development well, where testing cost
can be reduce, type of production testing with normal production
string is suggested rather than DST caused by definite result
achievement, both in fluid production by longer time and measured
pressure..also cheaper.
EXAMPLE : ANALYSIS DST USING HORNER PLOT

A DST was conducted on an oil well. The following information was reported
by the DST Company. The pressure buildup data are given in tables.

Determine the following:

Check validity and consistency of reported DST data

Formation permeability, k
Skin factor and pressure drop due to skin
Initial reservoir pressure
Flow efficiency
Damage ratio
Apparent wellbore radius
Radius of investigation
DST DATA :

Test type = open hole

Total well depth = 6550 ft
h = 17ft; rw = 0.33 ft; Poro = 16%; Viso = 1.O cP
API = 36.87 API; ct = 8.0 x 10'6PSi^-1; Bo = 1.215rb/stb
Vu = 0.0197 bbl/ft and p = 52.78 lb/ft3
Mud density 7.51b/gal
Gauge depth = 6549 ft
Hole size = 7.88 in; Pipe length = 240 ft;
Collar length = 240 ft; Diameter of collar = 4.5 in.
Reservoir pressure @ gauge depth = 2560 psi
Pressure at the end of first flow = 371 psi
First flow period = 6min
First shut-in period = 30 min
Second flow period = 60 min
Second shut-in period = 120 min
Initial shut-in pressure = 2660 psi
Final shut-in pressure = 1005 psi
Pressure at the end of second flow period = 643 psi
Final shut-in pressure = 1969 psi
SOLUTION

To analyze pressure buildup test, follow these steps:

Identify the MTR and find the slope of MTR, p1hr, and p* of the Horner plot
of the second shut-in period.
Prepare Horner plot of the first and second shut-in buildup pressures on the
same graph.

CHECK VALIDITY AND CONSISTENCY OF REPORTED DST DATA.

Hydrostatic pressure = 6549 x 0.390 = 2554 psi

The reported initial reservoir pressure at gauge depth is 2560 psi, which is in
good agreement with pi = p* = 2554 psi (extrapolated pressure from the first
shut-in straight line). The mud weight should be :

Thus the reported mud weight is correct.

Log-log data plot.
Semilog Horner plot for data.
From the extrapolated MTR, line of the second shut-in to (tp + dt)/dt = 1

pi = p* = 2550 psi.
SOAL

Topik : Upscaling, Aliran dalam media berpori, Uji Kandung Lapisan, Pressure
Build Up dan Pressure Drawdown.

1. Apakah yang disebut sebagai upscaling? Mengapa dilakukan? Beri

contoh.
2. Jelaskan mengenai Hk. Darcy serta keterbatasan /asumsi yang
dipergunakan.
3. Jelaskan pengertian steady state, transient dan unsteady-state
dalam perioda aliran fluida.
4. Apakah kegunaan Welltesting. Parameter apa saja yang mungkin
diperoleh dengan melakukan welltesting.
5. Apakah DST itu ? Apakah selalu harus dilakukan DST? Jelaskan
dengan singkat.
6. Jelaskan secara singkat proses analisa PBU dan PDD serta
kegunaannya.